Implement upsert functionality in overlay actions

README.md

@@ -280,6 +280,133 @@ $.person.*~
 
 ---
 
+## Overlay Support
+
+This library includes support for YAML overlays, which allow you to apply structured modifications to YAML documents using JSONPath expressions.
+
+### Basic Overlay Usage
+
+Overlays are defined in YAML format and specify actions to apply to a target document:
+
+```yaml
+overlay: "1.0.0"
+info:
+  title: My Overlay
+  version: "1.0"
+actions:
+  - target: $.spec.replicas
+    update: 3
+```
+
+```go
+package main
+
+import (
+    "fmt"
+    "github.com/pb33f/jsonpath/pkg/overlay"
+    "go.yaml.in/yaml/v4"
+)
+
+func main() {
+    // Parse the overlay
+    ov, _ := overlay.ParseOverlay(overlayYAML)
+
+    // Apply to a document
+    result, _ := ov.Apply(documentNode)
+}
+```
+
+### Upsert Action
+
+The `upsert` action combines update and insert behavior. When `upsert: true` is set:
+
+- If the target path exists, the value is updated (same as `update`)
+- If the target path doesn't exist, the path is created and the value is set
+
+**Example: Create nested paths**
+
+```yaml
+# Input document
+spec:
+  existing: value
+
+# Overlay
+overlay: "1.0.0"
+actions:
+  - target: $.spec.config.nested.key
+    update: created
+    upsert: true
+
+# Result
+spec:
+  existing: value
+  config:
+    nested:
+      key: created
+```
+
+**Example: Update existing values**
+
+```yaml
+# Input document
+spec:
+  existing: value
+
+# Overlay
+overlay: "1.0.0"
+actions:
+  - target: $.spec.existing
+    update: updated
+    upsert: true
+
+# Result
+spec:
+  existing: updated
+```
+
+**Example: Array elements**
+
+```yaml
+# Input document
+items:
+  - name: first
+
+# Overlay
+overlay: "1.0.0"
+actions:
+  - target: $.items[0].name
+    update: updated
+    upsert: true
+
+# Result
+items:
+  - name: updated
+```
+
+### Supported Path Types for Upsert
+
+Upsert works with **singular paths** - paths that resolve to exactly one location:
+
+| Path Type | Example | Behavior |
+|-----------|---------|----------|
+| Member name | `$.foo.bar` | Creates nested maps as needed |
+| Array index | `$.items[0]` | Creates arrays and sets at index |
+| Combined | `$.a.b[2].c` | Creates nested structures |
+
+### Unsupported Path Types
+
+The following path types **cannot** be used with upsert (will return an error):
+
+| Path Type | Example | Reason |
+|-----------|---------|--------|
+| Wildcard | `$.*.foo` | Ambiguous - which child? |
+| Recursive descent | `$..foo` | Ambiguous location |
+| Filter | `$[?(@.x)]` | Query, not specific location |
+| Multiple selectors | `$['a','b']` | Multiple locations |
+| Slice | `$[0:5]` | Multiple locations |
+
+---
+
 ## Standard RFC 9535 Features
 
 This library fully implements RFC 9535, including:

pkg/jsonpath/jsonpath.go

@@ -1,35 +1,63 @@
 package jsonpath
 
 import (
-    "fmt"
-    "github.com/pb33f/jsonpath/pkg/jsonpath/config"
-    "github.com/pb33f/jsonpath/pkg/jsonpath/token"
-    "go.yaml.in/yaml/v4"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/pb33f/jsonpath/pkg/jsonpath/config"
+	"github.com/pb33f/jsonpath/pkg/jsonpath/token"
+	"go.yaml.in/yaml/v4"
 )
 
 func NewPath(input string, opts ...config.Option) (*JSONPath, error) {
-    tokenizer := token.NewTokenizer(input, opts...)
-    tokens := tokenizer.Tokenize()
-    for i := 0; i < len(tokens); i++ {
-        if tokens[i].Token == token.ILLEGAL {
-            return nil, fmt.Errorf("%s", tokenizer.ErrorString(&tokens[i], "unexpected token"))
-        }
-    }
-    parser := newParserPrivate(tokenizer, tokens, opts...)
-    err := parser.parse()
-    if err != nil {
-        return nil, err
-    }
-    return parser, nil
+	tokenizer := token.NewTokenizer(input, opts...)
+	tokens := tokenizer.Tokenize()
+	for i := 0; i < len(tokens); i++ {
+		if tokens[i].Token == token.ILLEGAL {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("%s", tokenizer.ErrorString(&tokens[i], "unexpected token"))
+		}
+	}
+	parser := newParserPrivate(tokenizer, tokens, opts...)
+	err := parser.parse()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return parser, nil
 }
 
 func (p *JSONPath) Query(root *yaml.Node) []*yaml.Node {
-    return p.ast.Query(root, root)
+	return p.ast.Query(root, root)
 }
 
 func (p *JSONPath) String() string {
-    if p == nil {
-        return ""
-    }
-    return p.ast.ToString()
+	if p == nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return p.ast.ToString()
+}
+
+func (p *JSONPath) IsSingular() bool {
+	if p == nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	return p.ast.isSingular()
+}
+
+type SegmentInfo struct {
+	Kind     SegmentKind
+	Key      string
+	Index    int64
+	HasIndex bool
+}
+
+type SegmentKind int
+
+const (
+	SegmentKindMemberName SegmentKind = iota
+	SegmentKindArrayIndex
+)
+
+func (p *JSONPath) GetSegmentInfo() ([]SegmentInfo, error) {
+	if p == nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("nil path")
+	}
+	return p.ast.getSegmentInfo()
 }