Speed up functions that can emit a warning or raise an error

[eerovaher]

This PR speeds up all the functions in core.py for which the corresponding ufunc returns a status code that is checked by check_errwarn(). The speedup is easily noticeable for scalars and small arrays. For example, on current main

$ cat timing_setup.py 
import numpy as np

from erfa import cal2jd


scalar_year = 2026
scalar_month = 6
scalar_day = 20

arr_year = np.full((1000,), 2026)
arr_month = np.full((1000,), 6)
arr_day = np.full((1000,), 20)
$ ipython -i timing_setup.py 
Python 3.11.12 (main, May 17 2025, 13:48:36) [Clang 20.1.4 ]
Type 'copyright', 'credits' or 'license' for more information
IPython 9.13.0 -- An enhanced Interactive Python. Type '?' for help.
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In [1]: %timeit cal2jd(scalar_year, scalar_month, scalar_day)
4.21 μs ± 19.3 ns per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100,000 loops each)

In [2]: %timeit cal2jd(arr_year, arr_month, arr_day)
8.79 μs ± 28.2 ns per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100,000 loops each)

but with this PR

In [1]: %timeit cal2jd(scalar_year, scalar_month, scalar_day)
2.88 μs ± 1.4 ns per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100,000 loops each)

In [2]: %timeit cal2jd(arr_year, arr_month, arr_day)
7.74 μs ± 15.8 ns per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100,000 loops each)