opcodes.md

Opcodes

values opcodes

opcode	symbol	stack changes	comment
0	int	-- X	the next 32 bits = 4 bytes are put on the stack as a single binary.
2	binary	N -- L	the next N * 8 bits are put on the stack as a single binary.

other opcodes

opcode	symbol	stack changes	comment
10	print	( Y -- X )	prints the top element on stack
11	return		code stops execution here. Whatever is on top of the stack is the final state.
12	nop	( -- )	does nothing.
13	fail	( -- )	throws an error. Invalid transaction.

stack opcodes

opcode	symbol	stack changes	comment
20	drop	X --	will remove the top element on stack
21	dup	X -- X X	duplicates the top element of the stack
22	swap	A B -- B A	swaps the top two element of the stack
23	tuck	a b c -- c a b
24	rot	a b c -- b c a
25	2dup	a b -- a b a b
26	tuckn	X N --	inserts X N-deeper into the stack.
27	pickn	N -- X	grabs X from N-deep into the stack.

r-stack opcodes

opcode	symbol	stack changes	comment
30	>r	V --
31	r>	-- V	moves from return to stack
32	r@	-- V	copies from return to stack

crypto opcodes

opcode	symbol	stack changes	comment
40	hash	X -- <Bytes:256>
41	verify_sig	Sig Data Pub -- true/false

arithmetic opcodes

Note about arithmetic opcodes: they only works with 4-byte integers. Results are 4-byte integers. 32-bits. The integers are encoded so that FFFFFFFF is the highest integer and 00000000 is the lowest.

opcode	symbol	stack changes	comment
50	+	X Y -- Z
51	-	X Y -- Z
52	*	X Y -- Z
53	/	X Y -- Z
54	>	X Y -- true/false X Y
55	<	X Y -- true/false X Y
56	^	X Y -- Z
57	rem	A B -- C	only works for integers.
58	==	X Y -- true/false X Y

conditions opcodes

opcode	symbol	stack changes	comment
70	if		conditional statement
71	else		part of an switch conditional statement
72	then		part of switch conditional statement.

logic opcodes

opcode	symbol	stack changes	comment
80	not	true/false -- false/true
81	and	true/false true/false -- true/false	false is 0, true is any non-zero byte.
82	or	true/false true/false -- true/false
83	xor	true/false true/false -- true/false
84	band	4 12 -- 4	if inputed binaries are different length, it returns a binary of the longer length
85	bor	4 8 -- 12
86	bxor	4 12 -- 8

check state opcodes

opcode	symbol	stack changes	comment
90	stack_size	-- Size
94	height	-- Height
96	gas	-- X
97	ram	-- X	tells how much space is left in ram.
100	many_vars	-- R	how many more variables are defined
101	many_funs	-- F	how many functions are there defined

function opcodes

opcode	symbol	stack changes	comment
110	:		this starts the function declaration.
111	;		This symbol ends a function declaration. example : square dup * ;
112	recurse		crash. this word should only be used in the definition of a word.
113	call		Use the binary at the top of the stack to look in our hashtable of defined words. If it exists call the code, otherwise crash.

variables opcodes

opcode	symbol	stack changes	comment
120	!	X -- Y	only stores 32-bit integers
121	@	Y -- X

lists opcodes

opcode	symbol	stack changes	comment
130	cons	X Y -- [X|Y]
131	car	[X|Y] -- X Y
132	nil	-- []	this is the root of a list.
134	++	X Y -- Z	appends 2 lists or 2 binaries. Cannot append a list to a binary. Also works on pairs of lists.
135	split	N Binary -- BinaryA BinaryB	Binary A has N*8 many bits. BinaryA appended to BinaryB makes Binary.
136	reverse	F -- G	only works on lists
137	is_list	L -- L B	checks if the thing on the top of the stack is a list or not. Does not drop it.

The following are how comments work for the forth-like compiler.

• ( a open parenthesis starts a multi-line comment block.

• ) a closed parenthesis ends the comment.

• % a percent symbol comments out the rest of that line.