diff --git a/Tests/SubprocessTests/IntegrationTests.swift b/Tests/SubprocessTests/IntegrationTests.swift
index 0b180ffe..3c843af8 100644
--- a/Tests/SubprocessTests/IntegrationTests.swift
+++ b/Tests/SubprocessTests/IntegrationTests.swift
@@ -3691,6 +3691,88 @@ extension SubprocessIntegrationTests {
     #endif // SubprocessFoundation
 }
 
+// MARK: - Resource Management Tests
+
+#if !os(Android) // Exit tests are not supported on Android
+/// The number of open resources (file descriptors on POSIX, kernel handles on Windows) held by the current process.
+private func openResourceCount() -> Int? {
+    #if os(Windows)
+    var count: DWORD = 0
+    guard GetProcessHandleCount(GetCurrentProcess(), &count) else {
+        return nil
+    }
+    return Int(count)
+    #else
+    // Count open fds by probing each descriptor number up to the soft limit.
+    // This is portable across every POSIX target (Linux, Android, Darwin, the BSDs)
+    let limit = Int(min(_subprocess_nofile_soft_limit(), UInt64(4096)))
+    var count = 0
+    for fd in 0..<limit where fcntl(CInt(fd), F_GETFD) != -1 {
+        count += 1
+    }
+    return count
+    #endif
+}
+
+extension SubprocessIntegrationTests {
+    /// Run many subprocesses sequentially to make sure Subprocess does not leak fds.
+    ///
+    /// This test runs inside an exit test for two reasons:
+    ///
+    /// 1) Isolated process means no sibling test suites share its fd/handle table. That makes the
+    /// resource count deterministic and lets us assert a strict threshold
+    /// instead of relying on sampling/timing heuristics.
+    ///
+    /// 2) IODescriptor deinit now `fatalError`s if the descriptor is not closed. An exit test will
+    /// help us catch fd leaks without crashing the whole test suite.
+    @Test func testManySequentialRunsDoNotLeakResources() async throws {
+        await #expect(processExitsWith: .success) {
+            #if os(Windows)
+            let executable: Executable = .name("cmd.exe")
+            func makeArguments(_ i: Int) -> Arguments { ["/c", "echo", "hello-\(i)"] }
+            #else
+            let executable: Executable = .name("echo")
+            func makeArguments(_ i: Int) -> Arguments { ["hello-\(i)"] }
+            #endif
+
+            // Warm up once so lazily-created singletons (the process-monitor
+            // thread, AsyncIO's epoll/IOCP machinery, etc.) are allocated before
+            // we sample the baseline.
+            _ = try await Subprocess.run(executable, arguments: makeArguments(0), output: .string(limit: .max))
+            guard let before = openResourceCount() else {
+                #if compiler(>=6.3)
+                try Test.cancel("Cannot determine the number of open resources")
+                #else
+                return
+                #endif
+            }
+
+            let iterations = 500
+            for i in 0..<iterations {
+                let result = try await Subprocess.run(
+                    executable,
+                    arguments: makeArguments(i),
+                    output: .string(limit: .max)
+                )
+                precondition(result.terminationStatus.isSuccess)
+                precondition(result.standardOutput?.contains("hello-\(i)") == true)
+            }
+
+            guard let after = openResourceCount() else {
+                #if compiler(>=6.3)
+                try Test.cancel("Cannot determine the number of open resources")
+                #else
+                return
+                #endif
+            }
+            let delta = after - before
+
+            precondition(delta <= 0, "Subprocess leaked \(delta) resources while iterating \(iterations) times.")
+        }
+    }
+}
+#endif // !os(Android)
+
 // MARK: - Utilities
 extension String {
     func trimmingNewLineAndQuotes() -> String {
diff --git a/Tests/SubprocessTests/UnixTests.swift b/Tests/SubprocessTests/UnixTests.swift
index a6032aa7..edfb0c20 100644
--- a/Tests/SubprocessTests/UnixTests.swift
+++ b/Tests/SubprocessTests/UnixTests.swift
@@ -934,66 +934,77 @@ extension FileDescriptor {
 
 // MARK: - Performance Tests
 extension SubprocessUnixTests {
-    #if SubprocessFoundation
+    #if SubprocessFoundation && !os(Android)
     @Test(.requiresBash) func testConcurrentRun() async throws {
-        // Read the soft fd limit via a C shim: RLIMIT_NOFILE's Swift type
-        // varies across platforms and Swift versions, so calling getrlimit
-        // directly from Swift is not reliably portable.
-        // Cap at 4096: Docker containers can report limits like 2^20.
-        let softLimit = Int(min(_subprocess_nofile_soft_limit(), UInt64(4096)))
-
-        // On Linux, account for any fds already open (e.g. from prior tests in
-        // the same suite) to avoid hitting EMFILE during the concurrent spawn
-        // burst.  /proc/self/fd lists every open descriptor; subtracting the
-        // current count plus a small margin gives the true available headroom.
-        #if os(Linux) || os(Android)
-        let currentFds = (try? FileManager.default.contentsOfDirectory(atPath: "/proc/self/fd"))?.count ?? 50
-        let available = max(32, softLimit - currentFds - 50)
-        #else
-        let available = softLimit
-        #endif
-        // Each concurrent spawn holds both ends of the stdout and stderr pipes
-        // plus a temporary exec-error notification pipe while the child's
-        // exec() completes — roughly 6–8 fds per in-flight spawn.  Divide by
-        // 8 to leave headroom and avoid EMFILE under high concurrency.
-        let maxConcurrent = available / 8
-        try await withThrowingTaskGroup(of: Void.self) { group in
-            var running = 0
-            let byteCount = 1000
-            for _ in 0..<maxConcurrent {
-                group.addTask {
-                    // Catch errors so a single spawn/monitor failure doesn't
-                    // cascade-cancel sibling tasks (which would SIGKILL their
-                    // live subprocesses and flood the log with false failures).
-                    do {
-                        // This invocation specifically requires bash semantics; sh (on FreeBSD at least) does not consistently support -s in this way
-                        let r = try await Subprocess.run(
-                            .name("bash"),
-                            arguments: [
-                                "-sc", #"echo "$1" && echo "$1" >&2"#, "--", String(repeating: "X", count: byteCount),
-                            ],
-                            output: .data(limit: .max),
-                            error: .data(limit: .max)
-                        )
-                        guard r.terminationStatus.isSuccess else {
-                            Issue.record("Unexpected exit \(r.terminationStatus) from \(r.processIdentifier)")
-                            return
+        /// This test runs inside an exit test for two reasons:
+        ///
+        /// 1) Isolated process means no sibling test suites share its fd/handle table. That makes the
+        /// resource count deterministic and lets us assert a strict threshold
+        /// instead of relying on sampling/timing heuristics.
+        ///
+        /// 2) IODescriptor deinit now `fatalError`s if the descriptor is not closed. An exit test will
+        /// help us catch fd leaks without crashing the whole test suite.
+        await #expect(processExitsWith: .success) {
+            // Read the soft fd limit via a C shim: RLIMIT_NOFILE's Swift type
+            // varies across platforms and Swift versions, so calling getrlimit
+            // directly from Swift is not reliably portable.
+            // Cap at 4096: Docker containers can report limits like 2^20.
+            let softLimit = Int(min(_subprocess_nofile_soft_limit(), UInt64(4096)))
+
+            // Account for the fds already open in this (now isolated) process
+            // so the concurrent burst stays within RLIMIT_NOFILE. /proc/self/fd
+            // lists every open descriptor; subtracting it plus a small margin
+            // gives the true available headroom. In the isolated child this
+            // count is stable, so the budget is reproducible run to run.
+            #if os(Linux) || os(Android)
+            let currentFds = (try? FileManager.default.contentsOfDirectory(atPath: "/proc/self/fd"))?.count ?? 50
+            let available = max(32, softLimit - currentFds - 50)
+            #else
+            let available = softLimit
+            #endif
+            // Each concurrent spawn holds both ends of the stdout and stderr pipes
+            // plus a temporary exec-error notification pipe while the child's
+            // exec() completes — roughly 6–8 fds per in-flight spawn.  Divide by
+            // 8 to leave headroom and avoid EMFILE under high concurrency.
+            let maxConcurrent = available / 8
+            try await withThrowingTaskGroup(of: Void.self) { group in
+                var running = 0
+                let byteCount = 1000
+                for _ in 0..<maxConcurrent {
+                    group.addTask {
+                        // Catch errors so a single spawn/monitor failure doesn't
+                        // cascade-cancel sibling tasks (which would SIGKILL their
+                        // live subprocesses and flood the log with false failures).
+                        do {
+                            // This invocation specifically requires bash semantics; sh (on FreeBSD at least) does not consistently support -s in this way
+                            let r = try await Subprocess.run(
+                                .name("bash"),
+                                arguments: [
+                                    "-sc", #"echo "$1" && echo "$1" >&2"#, "--", String(repeating: "X", count: byteCount),
+                                ],
+                                output: .data(limit: .max),
+                                error: .data(limit: .max)
+                            )
+                            guard r.terminationStatus.isSuccess else {
+                                Issue.record("Unexpected exit \(r.terminationStatus) from \(r.processIdentifier)")
+                                return
+                            }
+                            #expect(r.standardOutput.count == byteCount + 1, "\(r.standardOutput)")
+                            #expect(r.standardError.count == byteCount + 1, "\(r.standardError)")
+                        } catch {
+                            Issue.record("Subprocess.run threw: \(error)")
                         }
-                        #expect(r.standardOutput.count == byteCount + 1, "\(r.standardOutput)")
-                        #expect(r.standardError.count == byteCount + 1, "\(r.standardError)")
-                    } catch {
-                        Issue.record("Subprocess.run threw: \(error)")
+                    }
+                    running += 1
+                    // Throttle to maxConcurrent/8 live subprocesses at a time
+                    // (rather than /4) to reduce peak memory pressure on
+                    // memory-constrained kernel-testing VMs (e.g. QEMU + 5.10).
+                    if running >= maxConcurrent / 8 {
+                        try await group.next()
                     }
                 }
-                running += 1
-                // Throttle to maxConcurrent/8 live subprocesses at a time
-                // (rather than /4) to reduce peak memory pressure on
-                // memory-constrained kernel-testing VMs (e.g. QEMU + 5.10).
-                if running >= maxConcurrent / 8 {
-                    try await group.next()
-                }
+                try await group.waitForAll()
             }
-            try await group.waitForAll()
         }
     }
     #endif