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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
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<meta
name="description"
content="STRinGS: Selective Text Refinement in Gaussian Splatting"
/>
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name="keywords"
content="Selective Text Refinement, Gaussian Splatting, STRinGS, Computer Vision, Graphics, IIITH, Text Refinement, 3D, Neural Rendering"
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<div class="container is-max-desktop">
<div class="columns is-centered">
<div class="column has-text-centered">
<h1 class="title is-1 publication-title">
STRinGS: Selective Text Refinement in Gaussian Splatting
</h1>
<h1 class="title is-4 publication-title">WACV 2026</h1>
<div class="is-size-5 publication-authors">
<span class="author-block">
<a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/abhinav-raundhal/"
>Abhinav Raundhal</a
><sup>★</sup>,
</span>
<span class="author-block">
<a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/gauravbehera/"
>Gaurav Behera</a
><sup>★</sup>,
</span>
<br />
<span class="author-block">
<a href="https://faculty.iiit.ac.in/~pjn/">P. J. Narayanan</a>,
</span>
<span class="author-block">
<a href="https://ravika.github.io/"
>Ravi Kiran Sarvadevabhatla</a
>,
</span>
<span class="author-block">
<a href="https://makarandtapaswi.github.io/"
>Makarand Tapaswi</a
>
</span>
</div>
<div class="is-size-5 publication-authors">
<span class="author-block">
CVIT, IIIT Hyderabad
<!-- <a href="https://cvit.iiit.ac.in/"> CVIT, IIIT Hyderabad </a> -->
</span>
<br />
<span class="author-block is-size-6"
><sup>★</sup>Equal Contribution</span
>
</div>
<div class="column has-text-centered">
<div class="publication-links">
<!-- PDF Link. -->
<span class="link-block">
<a
href="./static/paper/STRinGS.pdf"
class="external-link button is-normal is-rounded is-dark"
>
<span class="icon">
<i class="fas fa-file-pdf"></i>
</span>
<span>Paper</span>
</a>
</span>
<span class="link-block">
<a
href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.07230"
class="external-link button is-normal is-rounded is-dark"
>
<span class="icon">
<i class="ai ai-arxiv"></i>
</span>
<span>arXiv</span>
</a>
</span>
<!-- Video Link. -->
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<a href="https://www.youtube.com/"
class="external-link button is-normal is-rounded is-dark">
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</span>
<span>Video</span>
</a>
</span> -->
<!-- Code Link. -->
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<a
href="https://github.com/strings-official/strings"
class="external-link button is-normal is-rounded is-dark"
>
<span class="icon">
<i class="fab fa-github"></i>
</span>
<span>Code</span>
</a>
</span>
<!-- Dataset Link. -->
<span class="link-block">
<a
href="https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/19hgxxiqQNRYgqhvVhgflq7GIZu-RgIN3?usp=sharing"
class="external-link button is-normal is-rounded is-dark"
>
<span class="icon">
<i class="fa fa-database"></i>
</span>
<span>STRinGS-360 Dataset</span>
</a>
</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- </section> -->
<section class="hero teaser">
<div class="container is-max-desktop">
<div class="hero-body">
<img id="teaser" src="./static/images/teaser.png" height="100%" />
<h2 class="subtitle has-text-centered">
<b>STRinGS </b> produces sharper and readable text as compared to
vanilla 3DGS (shown at 7K iterations). The scatter plot presents
readability (CER, lower is better) vs training time. STRinGS
achieves the best performance both in terms of lowest error and
fastest training time.
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section class="section">
<div class="container is-max-desktop">
<!-- Abstract. -->
<div class="columns is-centered has-text-centered">
<div class="column is-four-fifths">
<h2 class="title is-3">Abstract</h2>
<div class="content has-text-justified">
<p>
Text as signs, labels, or instructions is a critical element of
real-world scenes as they can convey important contextual
information. 3D representations such as 3D Gaussian Splatting
(3DGS) struggle to preserve fine-grained text details, while
achieving high visual fidelity. Small errors in textual element
reconstruction can lead to significant semantic loss.
</p>
<p>
We propose STRinGS, a text-aware, selective refinement framework
to address this issue for 3DGS reconstruction. Our method treats
text and non-text regions separately, refining text regions
first and merging them with non-text regions later for
full-scene optimization. STRinGS produces sharp, readable text
even in challenging configurations. We introduce a text
readability measure OCR Character Error Rate (CER) to evaluate
the efficacy on text regions. STRinGS results in a 63.6%
relative improvement over 3DGS at just 7K iterations. We also
introduce a curated dataset STRinGS-360 with diverse text
scenarios to evaluate text readability in 3D reconstruction. Our
method and dataset together push the boundaries of 3D scene
understanding in text-rich environments, paving the way for more
robust text-aware reconstruction methods.
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!--/ Abstract. -->
<!-- Paper video. -->
<div class="columns is-centered has-text-centered">
<div class="column is-four-fifths">
<h2 class="title is-3">Video</h2>
<div class="publication-video">
<iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/NzcnwRSRRIo"
frameborder="0" allow="autoplay; encrypted-media" allowfullscreen></iframe>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!--/ Paper video. -->
</div>
</section>
<section class="section">
<div class="container is-max-desktop">
<div class="columns is-centered">
<div class="column is-full-width">
<h2 class="title is-3">STRinGS Pipeline</h2>
<div class="content has-text-justified">
<p>
Given input images, we use COLMAP to obtain a point cloud and
undistorted images, which are passed to Hi-SAM to obtain text
masks. The point cloud and masks are passed to the Text
Segmentation in 3D module to obtain partitioned text and
non-text point clouds. These are processed through a two-phase
pipeline. In phase 1, we perform targeted densification and
reconstruction of text Gaussians. In phase 2, we perform full
scene refinement, where text and non-text Gaussians are
optimized with distinct learning strategies, enabling targeted
enhancement of text without compromising scene quality. The
final output is a text-refined Gaussian Splat representation
with enhanced text readability while preserving overall scene
fidelity.
</p>
<img src="./static/images/method.png" alt="STRinGS Methodology" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- <br/> -->
</div>
</section>
<section class="section">
<div class="container is-max-desktop">
<div class="columns is-centered">
<div class="column is-full-width">
<h2 class="title is-3">STRinGS-360 Dataset</h2>
<div class="columns is-centered">
<div class="column is-half has-text-justified">
<p>
To address the lack of text-rich 3D scene datasets, we
introduce <b>STRinGS-360</b>, a curated dataset of five indoor
scenes featuring dense, semantically meaningful text. The
scenes include instructional text on a curved fire
extinguisher, tightly packed book titles, labeled chemical
bottles, geographical names on a globe, and academic books
with occlusions and repeated titles. Together, they span flat,
cylindrical, and spherical configurations, providing a
realistic benchmark for evaluating fine-grained text
reconstruction in 3D Gaussian Splatting.
</p>
</div>
<div class="column is-half">
<img
src="./static/images/dataset.png"
alt="STRinGS-360 Dataset"
/>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- <br/> -->
</div>
</section>
<section class="section">
<div class="container is-max-desktop">
<div class="columns is-centered">
<div class="column is-full-width">
<h2 class="title is-3">Visual Comparisons</h2>
<h3 class="subtitle is-6">Results at 7K iterations</h3>
<!-- Tabs -->
<div class="tabs is-toggle">
<ul id="dataset-tabs">
<li class="is-active" data-target="dataset5"><a>Shelf</a></li>
<li data-target="dataset3"><a>Chemicals</a></li>
<li data-target="dataset4"><a>Globe</a></li>
<li data-target="dataset1">
<a>Extinguisher</a>
</li>
<li data-target="dataset2"><a>Books</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<!-- Dataset Panels -->
<div id="dataset-panels">
<div id="dataset1" class="dataset-panel">
<div class="columns is-centered">
<div class="column is-half">
<div id="ds1_comp1" class="bal-container-small">
<div class="bal-after">
<img src="static/comparisons/extinguisher/ours_1.png" />
<div class="bal-afterPosition afterLabel">
STRinGS (Ours)
</div>
</div>
<div class="bal-before">
<div class="bal-before-inset">
<img
src="static/comparisons/extinguisher/3dgs_1.png"
/>
<div class="bal-beforePosition beforeLabel">3DGS</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="bal-handle">
<span class="handle-left-arrow"></span>
<span class="handle-right-arrow"></span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="column is-half">
<div id="ds1_comp2" class="bal-container-small">
<div class="bal-after">
<img src="static/comparisons/extinguisher/ours_2.png" />
<div class="bal-afterPosition afterLabel">
STRinGS (Ours)
</div>
</div>
<div class="bal-before">
<div class="bal-before-inset">
<img
src="static/comparisons/extinguisher/3dgs_2.png"
/>
<div class="bal-beforePosition beforeLabel">3DGS</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="bal-handle">
<span class="handle-left-arrow"></span>
<span class="handle-right-arrow"></span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="dataset2" class="dataset-panel">
<div class="columns is-centered">
<div class="column is-half">
<div id="ds2_comp1" class="bal-container-small">
<div class="bal-after">
<img src="static/comparisons/books/ours_1.png" />
<div class="bal-afterPosition afterLabel">
STRinGS (Ours)
</div>
</div>
<div class="bal-before">
<div class="bal-before-inset">
<img src="static/comparisons/books/3dgs_1.png" />
<div class="bal-beforePosition beforeLabel">3DGS</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="bal-handle">
<span class="handle-left-arrow"></span>
<span class="handle-right-arrow"></span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="column is-half">
<div id="ds2_comp2" class="bal-container-small">
<div class="bal-after">
<img src="static/comparisons/books/ours_2.png" />
<div class="bal-afterPosition afterLabel">
STRinGS (Ours)
</div>
</div>
<div class="bal-before">
<div class="bal-before-inset">
<img src="static/comparisons/books/3dgs_2.png" />
<div class="bal-beforePosition beforeLabel">3DGS</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="bal-handle">
<span class="handle-left-arrow"></span>
<span class="handle-right-arrow"></span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="dataset3" class="dataset-panel">
<div class="columns is-centered">
<div class="column is-half">
<div id="ds3_comp1" class="bal-container-small">
<div class="bal-after">
<img src="static/comparisons/chemicals/ours_1.png" />
<div class="bal-afterPosition afterLabel">
STRinGS (Ours)
</div>
</div>
<div class="bal-before">
<div class="bal-before-inset">
<img src="static/comparisons/chemicals/3dgs_1.png" />
<div class="bal-beforePosition beforeLabel">3DGS</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="bal-handle">
<span class="handle-left-arrow"></span>
<span class="handle-right-arrow"></span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="column is-half">
<div id="ds3_comp2" class="bal-container-small">
<div class="bal-after">
<img src="static/comparisons/chemicals/ours_2.png" />
<div class="bal-afterPosition afterLabel">
STRinGS (Ours)
</div>
</div>
<div class="bal-before">
<div class="bal-before-inset">
<img src="static/comparisons/chemicals/3dgs_2.png" />
<div class="bal-beforePosition beforeLabel">3DGS</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="bal-handle">
<span class="handle-left-arrow"></span>
<span class="handle-right-arrow"></span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="dataset4" class="dataset-panel">
<div class="columns is-centered">
<div class="column is-half">
<div id="ds4_comp1" class="bal-container-small">
<div class="bal-after">
<img src="static/comparisons/globe/ours_1.png" />
<div class="bal-afterPosition afterLabel">
STRinGS (Ours)
</div>
</div>
<div class="bal-before">
<div class="bal-before-inset">
<img src="static/comparisons/globe/3dgs_1.png" />
<div class="bal-beforePosition beforeLabel">3DGS</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="bal-handle">
<span class="handle-left-arrow"></span>
<span class="handle-right-arrow"></span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="column is-half">
<div id="ds4_comp2" class="bal-container-small">
<div class="bal-after">
<img src="static/comparisons/globe/ours_2.png" />
<div class="bal-afterPosition afterLabel">
STRinGS (Ours)
</div>
</div>
<div class="bal-before">
<div class="bal-before-inset">
<img src="static/comparisons/globe/3dgs_2.png" />
<div class="bal-beforePosition beforeLabel">3DGS</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="bal-handle">
<span class="handle-left-arrow"></span>
<span class="handle-right-arrow"></span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="dataset5" class="dataset-panel is-active">
<div class="columns is-centered">
<div class="column is-half">
<div id="ds5_comp1" class="bal-container-small">
<div class="bal-after">
<img src="static/comparisons/shelf/ours_1.png" />
<div class="bal-afterPosition afterLabel">
STRinGS (Ours)
</div>
</div>
<div class="bal-before">
<div class="bal-before-inset">
<img src="static/comparisons/shelf/3dgs_1.png" />
<div class="bal-beforePosition beforeLabel">3DGS</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="bal-handle">
<span class="handle-left-arrow"></span>
<span class="handle-right-arrow"></span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="column is-half">
<div id="ds5_comp2" class="bal-container-small">
<div class="bal-after">
<img src="static/comparisons/shelf/ours_2.png" />
<div class="bal-afterPosition afterLabel">
STRinGS (Ours)
</div>
</div>
<div class="bal-before">
<div class="bal-before-inset">
<img src="static/comparisons/shelf/3dgs_2.png" />
<div class="bal-beforePosition beforeLabel">3DGS</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="bal-handle">
<span class="handle-left-arrow"></span>
<span class="handle-right-arrow"></span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section class="section">
<div class="container is-max-desktop">
<div class="columns is-centered">
<div class="column is-full-width">
<h2 class="title is-3">Results</h2>
<div class="columns is-centered">
<div class="column is-half">
<img
src="./static/images/results_ocr.png"
alt="OCR-CER Results"
/>
<p>
OCR-based Character Error Rate (CER) on rendered images at 7K
and 30K training iterations averaged over all scenes in the
dataset. Lower CER indicates better text readability.
</p>
</div>
<div class="column is-half">
<img
src="./static/images/results_time.png"
alt="Training Time Results"
/>
<p>
Training time in minutes at 7K and 30K training iterations,
averaged over all scenes in the dataset.
</p>
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<h2 class="title is-5">Acknowledgements</h2>
<p class="has-text-justified">
We thank
<a
href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/harshavardhan-pandurangan-66659a21a/"
>Harshavardhan P.</a
>
for feedback and guidance throughout this project. Ravi Kiran
Sarvadevabhatla thanks
<a href="https://bhashini.gov.in/"
>Digital India Bhashini Division</a
>, Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeiTY),
Government of India for supporting the project. Makarand Tapaswi
thanks
<a href="https://research.adobe.com/">Adobe Research</a> for
travel support.
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<section class="section" id="BibTeX">
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<h2 class="title">BibTeX</h2>
<pre><code>@InProceedings{STRinGS_2026_WACV,
author = {Raundhal, Abhinav and Behera, Gaurav and Narayanan, P. J. and Sarvadevabhatla, Ravi Kiran and Tapaswi, Makarand},
title = {STRinGS: Selective Text Refinement in Gaussian Splatting},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV)},
month = {March},
year = {2026},
}</code></pre>
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