FAQ.md

How do I do a database query?

I just want an array of the rows...

Use the Database#execute method. If you don't give it a block, it will return an array of all the rows:

  require 'sqlite3'

  db = SQLite3::Database.new( "test.db" )
  rows = db.execute( "select * from test" )

I'd like to use a block to iterate through the rows...

Use the Database#execute method. If you give it a block, each row of the result will be yielded to the block:

  require 'sqlite3'

  db = SQLite3::Database.new( "test.db" )
  db.execute( "select * from test" ) do |row|
    ...
  end

I need to get the column names as well as the rows...

Use the Database#execute2 method. This works just like Database#execute; if you don't give it a block, it returns an array of rows; otherwise, it will yield each row to the block. However, the first row returned is always an array of the column names from the query:

  require 'sqlite3'

  db = SQLite3::Database.new( "test.db" )
  columns, *rows = db.execute2( "select * from test" )

  # or use a block:

  columns = nil
  db.execute2( "select * from test" ) do |row|
    if columns.nil?
      columns = row
    else
      # process row
    end
  end

I just want the first row of the result set...

Easy. Just call Database#get_first_row:

  row = db.get_first_row( "select * from table" )

This also supports bind variables, just like Database#execute and friends.

I just want the first value of the first row of the result set...

Also easy. Just call Database#get_first_value:

  count = db.get_first_value( "select count(*) from table" )

This also supports bind variables, just like Database#execute and friends.

How do I prepare a statement for repeated execution?

If the same statement is going to be executed repeatedly, you can speed things up a bit by preparing the statement. You do this via the Database#prepare method. It returns a Statement object, and you can then invoke #execute on that to get the ResultSet:

  stmt = db.prepare( "select * from person" )

  1000.times do
    stmt.execute do |result|
      ...
    end
  end

  stmt.close

  # or, use a block

  db.prepare( "select * from person" ) do |stmt|
    1000.times do
      stmt.execute do |result|
        ...
      end
    end
  end

This is made more useful by the ability to bind variables to placeholders via the Statement#bind_param and Statement#bind_params methods. (See the next FAQ for details.)

How do I use placeholders in an SQL statement?

Placeholders in an SQL statement take any of the following formats:

• ?
• ?_nnn_
• :_word_
• $_word_
• @_word_

Where n is an integer, and word is an alpha-numeric identifier(or number). When the placeholder is associated with a number (only in case of ?_nnn_), that number identifies the index of the bind variable to replace it with. When it is an identifier, it identifies the name of the corresponding bind variable. (In the instance of the first format--a single question mark--the placeholder is assigned a number one greater than the last index used, or 1 if it is the first.)

For example, here is a query using these placeholder formats:

  select *
    from table
   where ( c = ?2 or c = ? )
     and d = :name
     and e = :1

This defines 5 different placeholders: 1, 2, 3, and "name".

You replace these placeholders by binding them to values. This can be accomplished in a variety of ways.

The Database#execute, and Database#execute2 methods all accept additional arguments following the SQL statement. These arguments are assumed to be bind parameters, and they are bound (positionally) to their corresponding placeholders:

  db.execute( "select * from table where a = ? and b = ?",
              "hello",
              "world" )

The above would replace the first question mark with 'hello' and the second with 'world'. If the placeholders have an explicit index given, they will be replaced with the bind parameter at that index (1-based).

If a Hash is given as a bind parameter, then its key/value pairs are bound to the placeholders. This is how you bind by name:

  db.execute( "select * from table where a = :name and b = :value",
              "name" => "bob",
              "value" => "priceless" )

You can also bind explicitly using the Statement object itself. Just pass additional parameters to the Statement#execute statement:

  db.prepare( "select * from table where a = :name and b = ?" ) do |stmt|
    stmt.execute "value", "name" => "bob"
  end

Or do a Database#prepare to get the Statement, and then use either Statement#bind_param or Statement#bind_params:

  stmt = db.prepare( "select * from table where a = :name and b = ?" )

  stmt.bind_param( "name", "bob" )
  stmt.bind_param( 1, "value" )

  # or

  stmt.bind_params( "value", "name" => "bob" )

How do I discover metadata about a query result?

IMPORTANT: Database#execute returns an Array of Array of Strings which will have no metadata about the query or the result, such as column names.

There are 2 main sources of query metadata:

• Statement
• ResultSet

You can get a Statement via Database#prepare, and you can get a ResultSet via Statement#execute or Database#query.

sql = 'select * from table'

# No metadata
rows = db.execute(sql)
rows.class # => Array, no metadata
rows.first.class # => Array, no metadata
rows.first.first.class #=> String, no metadata

# Statement has metadata
stmt = db.prepare(sql)
stmt.columns # => [ ... ]
stmt.types # => [ ... ]

# ResultSet has metadata
results = stmt.execute
results.columns # => [ ... ]
results.types # => [ ... ]

# ResultSet has metadata
results = db.query(sql)
results.columns # => [ ... ]
results.types # => [ ... ]

I'd like the rows to be indexible by column name.

By default, each row from a query is returned as an Array of values. This means that you can only obtain values by their index. Sometimes, however, you would like to obtain values by their column name.

The first way to do this is to set the Database property results_as_hash to true. If you do this, then all rows will be returned as Hash objects, with the column names as the keys. (In this case, the fields property is unavailable on the row, although the "types" property remains.)

  db.results_as_hash = true
  db.execute( "select * from table" ) do |row|
    p row['column1']
    p row['column2']
  end

A more granular way to do this is via ResultSet#next_hash or ResultSet#each_hash.

  results = db.query( "select * from table" )
  row = results.next_hash
  p row['column1']

Another way is to use Ara Howard's ArrayFields module. Just require "arrayfields", and all of your rows will be indexable by column name, even though they are still arrays!

  require 'arrayfields'

  ...
  db.execute( "select * from table" ) do |row|
    p row[0] == row['column1']
    p row[1] == row['column2']
  end

How do I insert binary data into the database?

Use blobs. Blobs are new features of SQLite3. You have to use bind variables to make it work:

  db.execute( "insert into foo ( ?, ? )",
    SQLite3::Blob.new( "\0\1\2\3\4\5" ),
    SQLite3::Blob.new( "a\0b\0c\0d ) )

The blob values must be indicated explicitly by binding each parameter to a value of type SQLite3::Blob.

How do I do a DDL (insert, update, delete) statement?

You can actually do inserts, updates, and deletes in exactly the same way as selects, but in general the Database#execute method will be most convenient:

  db.execute( "insert into table values ( ?, ? )", *bind_vars )

How do I execute multiple statements in a single string?

The standard query methods (Database#execute, Database#execute2, Database#query, and Statement#execute) will only execute the first statement in the string that is given to them. Thus, if you have a string with multiple SQL statements, each separated by a string, you can't use those methods to execute them all at once.

Instead, use Database#execute_batch:

  sql = <<SQL
    create table the_table (
      a varchar2(30),
      b varchar2(30)
    );

    insert into the_table values ( 'one', 'two' );
    insert into the_table values ( 'three', 'four' );
    insert into the_table values ( 'five', 'six' );
  SQL

  db.execute_batch( sql )

Unlike the other query methods, Database#execute_batch accepts no block. It will also only ever return nil. Thus, it is really only suitable for batch processing of DDL statements.

How do I begin/end a transaction

Use Database#transaction to start a transaction. If you give it a block, the block will be automatically committed at the end of the block, unless an exception was raised, in which case the transaction will be rolled back. (Never explicitly call Database#commit or Database#rollback inside of a transaction block--you'll get errors when the block terminates!)

  database.transaction do |db|
    db.execute( "insert into table values ( 'a', 'b', 'c' )" )
    ...
  end

Alternatively, if you don't give a block to Database#transaction, the transaction remains open until you explicitly call Database#commit or Database#rollback.

  db.transaction
  db.execute( "insert into table values ( 'a', 'b', 'c' )" )
  db.commit

Note that SQLite does not allow nested transactions, so you'll get errors if you try to open a new transaction while one is already active. Use Database#transaction_active? to determine whether a transaction is active or not.

How do I discover metadata about a table/index?

How do I do tweak database settings?