diff --git a/backend/src/main/java/com/example/Piroin/project/domain/question/entity/Question.java b/backend/src/main/java/com/example/Piroin/project/domain/question/entity/Question.java
index a9a4a0d..195f34c 100644
--- a/backend/src/main/java/com/example/Piroin/project/domain/question/entity/Question.java
+++ b/backend/src/main/java/com/example/Piroin/project/domain/question/entity/Question.java
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ public class Question {
     @JoinColumn(name = "user_id", nullable = false)
     private User user;
 
-    @Column(nullable = false, columnDefinition = "TEXT")
+    @Column(columnDefinition = "TEXT")
     private String content;
 
     @Column(name = "image_url", columnDefinition = "TEXT")
diff --git a/backend/src/main/java/com/example/Piroin/project/domain/question/entity/QuestionComment.java b/backend/src/main/java/com/example/Piroin/project/domain/question/entity/QuestionComment.java
index c173dd9..d91606c 100644
--- a/backend/src/main/java/com/example/Piroin/project/domain/question/entity/QuestionComment.java
+++ b/backend/src/main/java/com/example/Piroin/project/domain/question/entity/QuestionComment.java
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ public class QuestionComment {
     @JoinColumn(name = "parent_comment_id")
     private QuestionComment parentComment;
 
-    @Column(nullable = false, columnDefinition = "TEXT")
+    @Column(columnDefinition = "TEXT")
     private String content;
 
     @Column(name = "image_url", columnDefinition = "TEXT")
diff --git a/backend/src/main/java/com/example/Piroin/project/domain/question/service/QuestionService.java b/backend/src/main/java/com/example/Piroin/project/domain/question/service/QuestionService.java
index af58000..f312568 100644
--- a/backend/src/main/java/com/example/Piroin/project/domain/question/service/QuestionService.java
+++ b/backend/src/main/java/com/example/Piroin/project/domain/question/service/QuestionService.java
@@ -136,6 +136,9 @@ public QuestionResDTO.CommentCreateRes createComment(
         // 1. 대댓글 여부 확인: parentCommentId가 있으면 부모 댓글 조회
         QuestionComment parentComment = resolveParentComment(request.getParentCommentId(), question);
 
+        // builder 전에 검증 추가
+        validateCommentContent(request.getContent(), request.getImageUrl());
+
         // 2. 댓글 엔티티 생성 및 저장
         LocalDateTime now = LocalDateTime.now();
         QuestionComment comment = QuestionComment.builder()
@@ -248,6 +251,9 @@ public QuestionResDTO.CreateRes createQuestion(Long sessionId, QuestionReqDTO.Cr
         User loginUser = findLoginUser(userId);
         StudySession session = findSession(sessionId);
 
+        // builder 전에 검증 추가
+        validateQuestionContent(request.getContent(), request.getImageUrl());
+
         Question question = Question.builder()
                 .session(session)
                 .user(loginUser)
@@ -793,4 +799,22 @@ private record QuestionSummaryContext(
             Set<Long> likedQuestionIds
     ) {
     }
+
+    // 질문은 내용 또는 이미지 중 하나는 반드시 있어야 함
+    private void validateQuestionContent(String content, String imageUrl) {
+        boolean hasContent = content != null && !content.isBlank();
+        boolean hasImage = imageUrl != null && !imageUrl.isBlank();
+        if (!hasContent && !hasImage) {
+            throw new QuestionException(HttpStatus.BAD_REQUEST, "질문 내용 또는 이미지 중 하나는 필수입니다.");
+        }
+    }
+
+    // 댓글은 내용 또는 이미지 중 하나는 반드시 있어야 함
+    private void validateCommentContent(String content, String imageUrl) {
+        boolean hasContent = content != null && !content.isBlank();
+        boolean hasImage = imageUrl != null && !imageUrl.isBlank();
+        if (!hasContent && !hasImage) {
+            throw new QuestionException(HttpStatus.BAD_REQUEST, "댓글 내용 또는 이미지 중 하나는 필수입니다.");
+        }
+    }
 }
diff --git a/backend/src/main/resources/db/migration/V7__alter_question_content_nullable.sql b/backend/src/main/resources/db/migration/V7__alter_question_content_nullable.sql
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..86b1f40
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/src/main/resources/db/migration/V7__alter_question_content_nullable.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+-- 이미지만 단독 업로드가 가능하도록 content NOT NULL 제약 해제
+ALTER TABLE question ALTER COLUMN content DROP NOT NULL;
+ALTER TABLE question_comment ALTER COLUMN content DROP NOT NULL;
\ No newline at end of file