From 0efcd51ab91a81804c581a23e16ddaf3bb1017ff Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ingo Scholtes <ingo.scholtes@uni-wuerzburg.de>
Date: Thu, 2 Oct 2025 08:46:26 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1/3] new semantics of degree calculation

---
 src/pathpyG/core/graph.py             | 83 ++++++++++++++++-----------
 src/pathpyG/core/multi_order_model.py |  2 +-
 tests/core/test_graph.py              |  6 +-
 3 files changed, 55 insertions(+), 36 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/pathpyG/core/graph.py b/src/pathpyG/core/graph.py
index e8a438224..1857eabbe 100644
--- a/src/pathpyG/core/graph.py
+++ b/src/pathpyG/core/graph.py
@@ -440,7 +440,7 @@ def sparse_adj_matrix(self, edge_attr: Any = None) -> Any:
 
     @property
     def in_degrees(self) -> Dict[str, float]:
-        """Return in-degrees of nodes in directed network.
+        """Return unweighted in-degrees of nodes in directed network.
 
         Returns:
             dict: dictionary containing in-degrees of nodes
@@ -449,60 +449,79 @@ def in_degrees(self) -> Dict[str, float]:
 
     @property
     def out_degrees(self) -> Dict[str, float]:
-        """Return out-degrees of nodes in directed network.
+        """Return unweighted out-degrees of nodes in directed network.
 
         Returns:
             dict: dictionary containing out-degrees of nodes
         """
         return self.degrees(mode="out")
 
-    def degrees(self, mode: str = "in") -> Dict[str, float]:
+    def degrees(self, mode: str = "in", edge_attr: Any = None, return_tensor: bool = False) -> Dict[str, float]:
         """
-        Return degrees of nodes.
+        Return (weighted) degrees of nodes.
 
         Args:
-            mode: `in` or `out` to calculate the in- or out-degree for
+            mode: `in` or `out` to calculate in- or out-degree for
                 directed networks.
-
+            edge_attr: Optional numerical edge attribute that will 
+                be used to compute weighted degrees
+            return_tensor: if True the function returns a degree tensor, if False (default)
+                a dictionary will be returned that can be indexed by nodes
         Returns:
-            dict: dictionary containing degrees of nodes
+            dict: dictionary containing node degrees
         """
         if mode == "in":
-            d = torch_geometric.utils.degree(self.data.edge_index[1], num_nodes=self.n, dtype=torch.int)
+            if not edge_attr:
+                d = torch_geometric.utils.degree(self.data.edge_index[1], num_nodes=self.n, dtype=torch.int)
+            else:
+                edge_weight = getattr(self.data, edge_attr, None)
+                d = scatter(edge_weight, self.data.edge_index[1], dim=0, dim_size=self.data.num_nodes, reduce="sum")
+        elif mode == "out":
+            if not edge_attr:
+                d = torch_geometric.utils.degree(self.data.edge_index[0], num_nodes=self.n, dtype=torch.int)
+            else:
+                edge_weight = getattr(self.data, edge_attr, None)
+                d = scatter(edge_weight, self.data.edge_index[0], dim=0, dim_size=self.data.num_nodes, reduce="sum")
+        if return_tensor:
+            return d
         else:
-            d = torch_geometric.utils.degree(self.data.edge_index[0], num_nodes=self.n, dtype=torch.int)
-        return {self.mapping.to_id(i): d[i].item() for i in range(self.n)}
+            return {self.mapping.to_id(i): d[i].item() for i in range(self.n)}
 
-    def weighted_outdegrees(self) -> torch.Tensor:
-        """
-        Compute the weighted outdegrees of each node in the graph.
+    # def weighted_outdegrees(self) -> torch.Tensor:
+    #     """
+    #     Compute the weighted outdegrees of each node in the graph.
 
-        Args:
-            graph (Graph): pathpy graph object.
+    #     Args:
+    #         graph (Graph): pathpy graph object.
 
-        Returns:
-            tensor: Weighted outdegrees of nodes.
-        """
-        edge_weight = getattr(self.data, "edge_weight", None)
-        if edge_weight is None:
-            edge_weight = torch.ones(self.data.num_edges, device=self.data.edge_index.device)
-        weighted_outdegree = scatter(
-            edge_weight, self.data.edge_index[0], dim=0, dim_size=self.data.num_nodes, reduce="sum"
-        )
-        return weighted_outdegree
+    #     Returns:
+    #         tensor: Weighted outdegrees of nodes.
+    #     """
+    #     edge_weight = getattr(self.data, "edge_weight", None)
+    #     if edge_weight is None:
+    #         edge_weight = torch.ones(self.data.num_edges, device=self.data.edge_index.device)
+    #     weighted_outdegree = scatter(
+    #         edge_weight, self.data.edge_index[0], dim=0, dim_size=self.data.num_nodes, reduce="sum"
+    #     )
+    #     return weighted_outdegree
 
-    def transition_probabilities(self) -> torch.Tensor:
+    def transition_probabilities(self, edge_attr: Any = None) -> torch.Tensor:
         """
-        Compute transition probabilities based on weighted outdegrees.
+        Compute transition probabilities based on (weighted) outdegrees.
+
+        Args:
+            edge_attr: Optional name of numerical edge attribute that will
+                        will be used to calculate weighted out-degrees for the
+                        visitation probabilities.
 
         Returns:
             tensor: Transition probabilities.
         """
-        weighted_outdegree = self.weighted_outdegrees()
-        source_ids = self.data.edge_index[0]
-        edge_weight = getattr(self.data, "edge_weight", None)
-        if edge_weight is None:
-            edge_weight = torch.ones(self.data.num_edges, device=self.data.edge_index.device)
+        weighted_outdegree = self.degrees(mode="out", edge_attr=edge_attr, return_tensor=True)
+        source_ids = self.data.edge_index[0]        
+        edge_weight = torch.ones(self.data.num_edges, device=self.data.edge_index.device)
+        if edge_attr:
+            edge_weight = getattr(self.data, edge_attr, None)
         return edge_weight / weighted_outdegree[source_ids]
 
     def laplacian(self, normalization: Any = None, edge_attr: Any = None) -> Any:
diff --git a/src/pathpyG/core/multi_order_model.py b/src/pathpyG/core/multi_order_model.py
index c432a3205..d0c70ec07 100644
--- a/src/pathpyG/core/multi_order_model.py
+++ b/src/pathpyG/core/multi_order_model.py
@@ -357,7 +357,7 @@ def get_mon_log_likelihood(self, dag_graph: Data, max_order: int = 1) -> float:
 
         # Adding the likelihood of highest/stationary order
         if max_order > 0:
-            transition_probabilities = self.layers[max_order].transition_probabilities()
+            transition_probabilities = self.layers[max_order].transition_probabilities(edge_attr="edge_weight")
             log_transition_probabilities = torch.log(transition_probabilities)
             llh_by_subpath = log_transition_probabilities * self.layers[max_order].data.edge_weight
             llh += llh_by_subpath.sum().item()
diff --git a/tests/core/test_graph.py b/tests/core/test_graph.py
index e1e1352dc..9b05c74b4 100644
--- a/tests/core/test_graph.py
+++ b/tests/core/test_graph.py
@@ -243,12 +243,12 @@ def test_out_degrees(simple_graph):
 
 def test_weighted_outdegrees(simple_graph):
     # Test on graph without defined weights
-    out_degrees = simple_graph.weighted_outdegrees()
+    out_degrees = simple_graph.degrees(mode="out", return_tensor=True)
     assert out_degrees.equal(torch.tensor([2, 1, 0]))
 
     # Test on graph with defined weights
     simple_graph.data["edge_weight"] = torch.tensor([1, 3, 2])
-    out_degrees = simple_graph.weighted_outdegrees()
+    out_degrees = simple_graph.degrees(mode="out", edge_attr="edge_weight", return_tensor=True)
     assert out_degrees.equal(torch.tensor([4, 2, 0]))
 
 
@@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ def test_transition_probabilities(simple_graph):
 
     # Test on graph with defined weights
     simple_graph.data["edge_weight"] = torch.tensor([1, 3, 2])
-    transition_probs = simple_graph.transition_probabilities()
+    transition_probs = simple_graph.transition_probabilities(edge_attr="edge_weight")
     assert transition_probs.equal(torch.tensor([0.25, 0.75, 1]))
 
 

From 32798bbf4d460cff9db8cf1a72e725710a545622 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ingo Scholtes <ingo.scholtes@uni-wuerzburg.de>
Date: Thu, 2 Oct 2025 08:56:57 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 2/3] updted tutorial, fixing str type

---
 docs/tutorial/basic_concepts.ipynb | 209 ++++++++++++++++++++++++-----
 src/pathpyG/core/graph.py          |   2 +-
 2 files changed, 175 insertions(+), 36 deletions(-)

diff --git a/docs/tutorial/basic_concepts.ipynb b/docs/tutorial/basic_concepts.ipynb
index 624319f72..e7dfb8125 100644
--- a/docs/tutorial/basic_concepts.ipynb
+++ b/docs/tutorial/basic_concepts.ipynb
@@ -171,9 +171,18 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 6,
    "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "EdgeIndex([[0, 0, 1],\n",
+      "           [2, 1, 2]], sparse_size=(4, 4), nnz=3, sort_order=row)\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "print(g.data.edge_index)"
    ]
@@ -194,7 +203,7 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 7,
+   "execution_count": 5,
    "metadata": {},
    "outputs": [
     {
@@ -228,7 +237,7 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 8,
+   "execution_count": 6,
    "metadata": {},
    "outputs": [
     {
@@ -257,7 +266,7 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 12,
+   "execution_count": 10,
    "metadata": {},
    "outputs": [
     {
@@ -274,7 +283,7 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 14,
+   "execution_count": 11,
    "metadata": {},
    "outputs": [
     {
@@ -298,7 +307,7 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 15,
+   "execution_count": 12,
    "metadata": {},
    "outputs": [],
    "source": [
@@ -314,20 +323,20 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 16,
+   "execution_count": 7,
    "metadata": {},
    "outputs": [
     {
      "name": "stdout",
      "output_type": "stream",
      "text": [
-      "a\n",
-      "b\n",
-      "c\n",
-      "d\n",
-      "('a', 'c')\n",
-      "('a', 'b')\n",
-      "('b', 'c')\n"
+      "0\n",
+      "1\n",
+      "2\n",
+      "3\n",
+      "(0, 2)\n",
+      "(0, 1)\n",
+      "(1, 2)\n"
      ]
     }
    ],
@@ -348,7 +357,7 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 19,
+   "execution_count": 8,
    "metadata": {},
    "outputs": [],
    "source": [
@@ -364,7 +373,7 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 20,
+   "execution_count": 9,
    "metadata": {},
    "outputs": [
     {
@@ -398,7 +407,7 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 21,
+   "execution_count": 11,
    "metadata": {},
    "outputs": [
     {
@@ -435,7 +444,7 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 22,
+   "execution_count": 12,
    "metadata": {},
    "outputs": [
     {
@@ -444,7 +453,7 @@
        "tensor([2, 1])"
       ]
      },
-     "execution_count": 22,
+     "execution_count": 12,
      "metadata": {},
      "output_type": "execute_result"
     }
@@ -609,7 +618,7 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 34,
+   "execution_count": 13,
    "metadata": {},
    "outputs": [
     {
@@ -627,6 +636,136 @@
     "    print(f\"{v} -> {g.in_degrees[v]}\")"
    ]
   },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "The `in_degree` and `out_degree` properties are shortcuts to a general `degree` function that can be used to calculate (weighted) in- and outdegrees. "
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 15,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "{'a': 0, 'c': 2, 'b': 1}"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 15,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "g.degrees(mode='in')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 16,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "{'a': 2, 'c': 0, 'b': 1}"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 16,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "g.degrees(mode='out')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "Degrees can be alternatively returned as torch.tensors."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 17,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "tensor([0, 2, 1], dtype=torch.int32)"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 17,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "g.degrees(mode='in', return_tensor=True)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "We can also use arbitrary numerical edge attributes that will be used for a weighted (in- or out) degree calculation."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 18,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "g.data.edge_weight=torch.tensor([1.0, 2.0, 3.0])"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 19,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "tensor([0., 5., 1.])"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 19,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "g.degrees(mode='in', edge_attr='edge_weight', return_tensor=True)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 20,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "tensor([3., 0., 3.])"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 20,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "g.degrees(mode='out', edge_attr='edge_weight', return_tensor=True)"
+   ]
+  },
   {
    "cell_type": "markdown",
    "metadata": {},
@@ -636,16 +775,16 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 35,
+   "execution_count": 21,
    "metadata": {},
    "outputs": [
     {
      "data": {
       "text/plain": [
-       "Data(edge_index=[2, 3], num_nodes=3, node_sequence=[3, 1])"
+       "Data(edge_index=[2, 3], num_nodes=3, node_sequence=[3, 1], edge_weight=[3])"
       ]
      },
-     "execution_count": 35,
+     "execution_count": 21,
      "metadata": {},
      "output_type": "execute_result"
     }
@@ -690,7 +829,7 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 37,
+   "execution_count": 16,
    "metadata": {},
    "outputs": [
     {
@@ -700,8 +839,8 @@
      "traceback": [
       "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
       "\u001b[0;31mRuntimeError\u001b[0m                              Traceback (most recent call last)",
-      "Cell \u001b[0;32mIn[37], line 1\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0m g \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m \u001b[43mpp\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mGraph\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mfrom_edge_list\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[43m[\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m'\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43ma\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m'\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m'\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43mb\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m'\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m'\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43mb\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m'\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m'\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43mc\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m'\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m'\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43ma\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m'\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m'\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43mc\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m'\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\u001b[43m]\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43mdevice\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m=\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m'\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43mcuda\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m'\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m      2\u001b[0m g\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mdata\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mis_cuda\n",
-      "File \u001b[0;32m/workspaces/pathpyG/src/pathpyG/core/graph.py:180\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mGraph.from_edge_list\u001b[0;34m(edge_list, is_undirected, mapping, num_nodes, device)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    176\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mif\u001b[39;00m num_nodes \u001b[38;5;129;01mis\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;28;01mNone\u001b[39;00m:\n\u001b[1;32m    177\u001b[0m     num_nodes \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m mapping\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mnum_ids()\n\u001b[1;32m    179\u001b[0m edge_index \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m EdgeIndex(\n\u001b[0;32m--> 180\u001b[0m     \u001b[43mmapping\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mto_idxs\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[43medge_list\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43mdevice\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m=\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mdevice\u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mT\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mcontiguous(),\n\u001b[1;32m    181\u001b[0m     sparse_size\u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m(num_nodes, num_nodes),\n\u001b[1;32m    182\u001b[0m     is_undirected\u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39mis_undirected,\n\u001b[1;32m    183\u001b[0m )\n\u001b[1;32m    184\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mreturn\u001b[39;00m Graph(Data(edge_index\u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39medge_index, num_nodes\u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39mnum_nodes), mapping\u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39mmapping)\n",
+      "Cell \u001b[0;32mIn[16], line 1\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0m g \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m \u001b[43mpp\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mGraph\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mfrom_edge_list\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[43m[\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m'\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43ma\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m'\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m'\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43mb\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m'\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m'\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43mb\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m'\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m'\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43mc\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m'\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m'\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43ma\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m'\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m'\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43mc\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m'\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\u001b[43m]\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43mdevice\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m=\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m'\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43mcuda\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m'\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m      2\u001b[0m g\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mdata\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mis_cuda\n",
+      "File \u001b[0;32m/workspaces/pathpyG/src/pathpyG/core/graph.py:179\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mGraph.from_edge_list\u001b[0;34m(edge_list, is_undirected, mapping, device)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    174\u001b[0m     mapping \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m IndexMap(node_ids)\n\u001b[1;32m    176\u001b[0m num_nodes \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m mapping\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mnum_ids()\n\u001b[1;32m    178\u001b[0m edge_index \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m EdgeIndex(\n\u001b[0;32m--> 179\u001b[0m     \u001b[43mmapping\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mto_idxs\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[43medge_list\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43mdevice\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m=\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mdevice\u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mT\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mcontiguous(),\n\u001b[1;32m    180\u001b[0m     sparse_size\u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m(num_nodes, num_nodes),\n\u001b[1;32m    181\u001b[0m     is_undirected\u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39mis_undirected,\n\u001b[1;32m    182\u001b[0m )\n\u001b[1;32m    183\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mreturn\u001b[39;00m Graph(Data(edge_index\u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39medge_index, num_nodes\u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39mnum_nodes), mapping\u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39mmapping)\n",
       "File \u001b[0;32m/workspaces/pathpyG/src/pathpyG/core/index_map.py:361\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mIndexMap.to_idxs\u001b[0;34m(self, nodes, device)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    359\u001b[0m shape \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m nodes\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mshape\n\u001b[1;32m    360\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mif\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mid_shape \u001b[38;5;241m==\u001b[39m (\u001b[38;5;241m-\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m1\u001b[39m,):\n\u001b[0;32m--> 361\u001b[0m     \u001b[38;5;28;01mreturn\u001b[39;00m \u001b[43mtorch\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mtensor\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[43m[\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;28;43mself\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mid_to_idx\u001b[49m\u001b[43m[\u001b[49m\u001b[43mnode\u001b[49m\u001b[43m]\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;28;43;01mfor\u001b[39;49;00m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43mnode\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;129;43;01min\u001b[39;49;00m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43mnodes\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mflatten\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\u001b[43m]\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43mdevice\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m=\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mdevice\u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mreshape(shape)\n\u001b[1;32m    362\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01melse\u001b[39;00m:\n\u001b[1;32m    363\u001b[0m     \u001b[38;5;28;01mreturn\u001b[39;00m torch\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mtensor([\u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mid_to_idx[\u001b[38;5;28mtuple\u001b[39m(node)] \u001b[38;5;28;01mfor\u001b[39;00m node \u001b[38;5;129;01min\u001b[39;00m nodes\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mreshape(\u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mid_shape)], device\u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39mdevice)\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mreshape(\n\u001b[1;32m    364\u001b[0m         shape[: \u001b[38;5;241m-\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;28mlen\u001b[39m(\u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mid_shape) \u001b[38;5;241m+\u001b[39m \u001b[38;5;241m1\u001b[39m]\n\u001b[1;32m    365\u001b[0m     )\n",
       "File \u001b[0;32m/opt/conda/lib/python3.11/site-packages/torch/cuda/__init__.py:314\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36m_lazy_init\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    312\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mif\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124mCUDA_MODULE_LOADING\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m \u001b[38;5;129;01mnot\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;129;01min\u001b[39;00m os\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39menviron:\n\u001b[1;32m    313\u001b[0m     os\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39menviron[\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124mCUDA_MODULE_LOADING\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m] \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m \u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124mLAZY\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\n\u001b[0;32m--> 314\u001b[0m \u001b[43mtorch\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m_C\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m_cuda_init\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m    315\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;66;03m# Some of the queued calls may reentrantly call _lazy_init();\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m    316\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;66;03m# we need to just return without initializing in that case.\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m    317\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;66;03m# However, we must not let any *other* threads in!\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m    318\u001b[0m _tls\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mis_initializing \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m \u001b[38;5;28;01mTrue\u001b[39;00m\n",
       "\u001b[0;31mRuntimeError\u001b[0m: Unexpected error from cudaGetDeviceCount(). Did you run some cuda functions before calling NumCudaDevices() that might have already set an error? Error 500: named symbol not found"
@@ -1024,7 +1163,7 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 50,
+   "execution_count": 17,
    "metadata": {},
    "outputs": [
     {
@@ -1052,7 +1191,7 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 51,
+   "execution_count": 18,
    "metadata": {},
    "outputs": [
     {
@@ -1084,7 +1223,7 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 52,
+   "execution_count": 19,
    "metadata": {},
    "outputs": [
     {
@@ -1118,7 +1257,7 @@
        "\n",
        "</style>\n",
        "\n",
-       "<div id = \"x7a28caf1b6044e7c89e451a75c0ef22c\"> </div>\n",
+       "<div id = \"x34cf302f998c48d2a9a314fd81856883\"> </div>\n",
        "<script charset=\"utf-8\" src=\"https://d3js.org/d3.v5.min.js\"></script>\n",
        "<script charset=\"utf-8\">\n",
        "// Load via requireJS if available (jupyter notebook environment)\n",
@@ -1150,8 +1289,8 @@
        "    }\n",
        "};\n",
        "require(['d3'], function(d3){ //START\n",
-       "const data = {\"edges\": [{\"uid\": \"a-b\", \"source\": \"a\", \"target\": \"b\", \"weight\": 1, \"color\": \"gray\"}, {\"uid\": \"b-c\", \"source\": \"b\", \"target\": \"c\", \"weight\": 1, \"color\": \"gray\"}, {\"uid\": \"c-a\", \"source\": \"c\", \"target\": \"a\", \"weight\": 1, \"color\": \"gray\"}], \"nodes\": [{\"uid\": \"a\", \"label\": \"a\"}, {\"uid\": \"b\", \"label\": \"b\"}, {\"uid\": \"c\", \"label\": \"c\"}]}\n",
-       "const config = {\"edge_color\": \"gray\", \"node_label\": [\"a\", \"b\", \"c\"], \"directed\": true, \"curved\": true, \"selector\": \"#x7a28caf1b6044e7c89e451a75c0ef22c\"}\n",
+       "const data = {\"edges\": [{\"uid\": \"a-b\", \"source\": \"a\", \"target\": \"b\", \"color\": \"gray\", \"weight\": 1}, {\"uid\": \"b-c\", \"source\": \"b\", \"target\": \"c\", \"color\": \"gray\", \"weight\": 1}, {\"uid\": \"c-a\", \"source\": \"c\", \"target\": \"a\", \"color\": \"gray\", \"weight\": 1}], \"nodes\": [{\"uid\": \"a\", \"label\": \"a\"}, {\"uid\": \"b\", \"label\": \"b\"}, {\"uid\": \"c\", \"label\": \"c\"}]}\n",
+       "const config = {\"edge_color\": \"gray\", \"node_label\": [\"a\", \"b\", \"c\"], \"directed\": true, \"curved\": true, \"selector\": \"#x34cf302f998c48d2a9a314fd81856883\"}\n",
        "console.log(\"Static Network Template\");\n",
        "/* Resources\n",
        "   https://bl.ocks.org/mapio/53fed7d84cd1812d6a6639ed7aa83868\n",
@@ -1732,7 +1871,7 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 77,
+   "execution_count": 20,
    "metadata": {},
    "outputs": [
     {
@@ -1759,7 +1898,7 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 78,
+   "execution_count": 21,
    "metadata": {},
    "outputs": [
     {
diff --git a/src/pathpyG/core/graph.py b/src/pathpyG/core/graph.py
index 1857eabbe..243a54bef 100644
--- a/src/pathpyG/core/graph.py
+++ b/src/pathpyG/core/graph.py
@@ -485,7 +485,7 @@ def degrees(self, mode: str = "in", edge_attr: Any = None, return_tensor: bool =
         if return_tensor:
             return d
         else:
-            return {self.mapping.to_id(i): d[i].item() for i in range(self.n)}
+            return {str(self.mapping.to_id(i)): d[i].item() for i in range(self.n)}
 
     # def weighted_outdegrees(self) -> torch.Tensor:
     #     """

From ba8b883113a6773ee30bf1b753306a5937175c62 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ingo Scholtes <ingo.scholtes@uni-wuerzburg.de>
Date: Thu, 2 Oct 2025 09:20:15 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 3/3] updated degree statistics

---
 src/pathpyG/core/graph.py         |  2 +-
 src/pathpyG/statistics/degrees.py | 25 ++++---------------------
 2 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/pathpyG/core/graph.py b/src/pathpyG/core/graph.py
index 243a54bef..28d0e9a46 100644
--- a/src/pathpyG/core/graph.py
+++ b/src/pathpyG/core/graph.py
@@ -476,7 +476,7 @@ def degrees(self, mode: str = "in", edge_attr: Any = None, return_tensor: bool =
             else:
                 edge_weight = getattr(self.data, edge_attr, None)
                 d = scatter(edge_weight, self.data.edge_index[1], dim=0, dim_size=self.data.num_nodes, reduce="sum")
-        elif mode == "out":
+        else:
             if not edge_attr:
                 d = torch_geometric.utils.degree(self.data.edge_index[0], num_nodes=self.n, dtype=torch.int)
             else:
diff --git a/src/pathpyG/statistics/degrees.py b/src/pathpyG/statistics/degrees.py
index c25563342..4c58a9a7c 100644
--- a/src/pathpyG/statistics/degrees.py
+++ b/src/pathpyG/statistics/degrees.py
@@ -8,34 +8,17 @@
 
 
 def degree_sequence(g: Graph, mode: str = "total") -> _np.array:
-    """Calculates the degree sequence of an undirected network.
+    """Calculates the (unweighted) degree sequence of an undirected network.
 
     Args:
         graph: The `Graph` object for which degrees are calculated
     """
-    d = g.degrees()
-    if g.is_directed() and mode == "in":
-        d = g.in_degrees
-    elif g.is_directed() and mode == "out":
-        d = g.out_degrees
-    elif g.is_directed() and mode == "total":
-        d = g.degrees()
-
-    _degrees = _np.zeros(g.n, dtype=float)
-    for v in g.nodes:
-        _degrees[g.mapping.to_idx(v)] = d[v]
-    return _degrees
+    return g.degrees(mode, return_tensor=True).detach().numpy()
 
 
 def degree_distribution(g: Graph, mode: str = "total") -> Dict[int, float]:
-    """Calculates the degree distribution of a graph"""
-    d = g.degrees()
-    if g.is_directed() and mode == "in":
-        d = g.in_degrees
-    elif g.is_directed() and mode == "out":
-        d = g.out_degrees
-    elif g.is_directed() and mode == "total":
-        d = g.degrees()
+    """Calculates the (unweighted) degree distribution of a graph"""
+    d = g.degrees(mode, return_tensor=False)    
 
     cnt: defaultdict = defaultdict(float)
     for v in g.nodes: