Kotlin 2.3.0: java.io.IOException: Cannot run program "xcrun" caused by PackAppleResourcesToKLibAction

[matejsemancik]

After upgrade to Kotlin 2.3.0, the attached error popped up on our linux-based CI runners when running Android lint checks.

We have configured two apple multiplatform targets in our project:

• iosArm64
• iosSimulatorArm64

We are using static framework.

It looks like PackAppleResourcesToKLibAction is being executed for every KotlinNativeCompile task even when running on non-Apple machines. Did not happen on Kotlin 2.2.10.

I triaged the breaking point - error started to happen in Kotlin 2.2.20

Library version: 0.26.0

Stack trace from iosArm64 compile task:

Execution failed for task ':shared:resources:compileKotlinIosArm64'.
> java.io.IOException: Cannot run program "xcrun" (in directory "/home/runner/work/***REDACTED***/***REDACTED***/shared/resources/build/classes/kotlin/iosArm64/main/klib/resources/default/resources/***REDACTED***:resources.bundle/Contents/Resources"): Exec failed, error: 2 (No such file or directory) 

* Try:
> Run with --info or --debug option to get more log output.
> Run with --scan to get full insights.
> Get more help at https://help.gradle.org.

* Exception is:
org.gradle.api.tasks.TaskExecutionException: Execution failed for task ':shared:resources:compileKotlinIosArm64'.
	at org.gradle.api.internal.tasks.execution.ExecuteActionsTaskExecuter.lambda$executeIfValid$1(ExecuteActionsTaskExecuter.java:130)
	at org.gradle.internal.Try$Failure.ifSuccessfulOrElse(Try.java:293)
	at org.gradle.api.internal.tasks.execution.ExecuteActionsTaskExecuter.executeIfValid(ExecuteActionsTaskExecuter.java:128)
	at org.gradle.api.internal.tasks.execution.ExecuteActionsTaskExecuter.execute(ExecuteActionsTaskExecuter.java:116)
	at org.gradle.api.internal.tasks.execution.ProblemsTaskPathTrackingTaskExecuter.execute(ProblemsTaskPathTrackingTaskExecuter.java:41)
	at org.gradle.api.internal.tasks.execution.FinalizePropertiesTaskExecuter.execute(FinalizePropertiesTaskExecuter.java:46)
	at org.gradle.api.internal.tasks.execution.ResolveTaskExecutionModeExecuter.execute(ResolveTaskExecutionModeExecuter.java:51)
	at org.gradle.api.internal.tasks.execution.SkipTaskWithNoActionsExecuter.execute(SkipTaskWithNoActionsExecuter.java:57)
	at org.gradle.api.internal.tasks.execution.SkipOnlyIfTaskExecuter.execute(SkipOnlyIfTaskExecuter.java:74)
	at org.gradle.api.internal.tasks.execution.CatchExceptionTaskExecuter.execute(CatchExceptionTaskExecuter.java:36)
	at org.gradle.api.internal.tasks.execution.EventFiringTaskExecuter$1.executeTask(EventFiringTaskExecuter.java:77)
	at org.gradle.api.internal.tasks.execution.EventFiringTaskExecuter$1.call(EventFiringTaskExecuter.java:55)
	at org.gradle.api.internal.tasks.execution.EventFiringTaskExecuter$1.call(EventFiringTaskExecuter.java:52)
	at org.gradle.internal.operations.DefaultBuildOperationRunner$CallableBuildOperationWorker.execute(DefaultBuildOperationRunner.java:210)
	at org.gradle.internal.operations.DefaultBuildOperationRunner$CallableBuildOperationWorker.execute(DefaultBuildOperationRunner.java:205)
	at org.gradle.internal.operations.DefaultBuildOperationRunner$2.execute(DefaultBuildOperationRunner.java:67)
	at org.gradle.internal.operations.DefaultBuildOperationRunner$2.execute(DefaultBuildOperationRunner.java:60)
	at org.gradle.internal.operations.DefaultBuildOperationRunner.execute(DefaultBuildOperationRunner.java:167)
	at org.gradle.internal.operations.DefaultBuildOperationRunner.execute(DefaultBuildOperationRunner.java:60)
	at org.gradle.internal.operations.DefaultBuildOperationRunner.call(DefaultBuildOperationRunner.java:54)
	at org.gradle.api.internal.tasks.execution.EventFiringTaskExecuter.execute(EventFiringTaskExecuter.java:52)
	at org.gradle.execution.plan.LocalTaskNodeExecutor.execute(LocalTaskNodeExecutor.java:42)
	at org.gradle.execution.taskgraph.DefaultTaskExecutionGraph$InvokeNodeExecutorsAction.execute(DefaultTaskExecutionGraph.java:331)
	at org.gradle.execution.taskgraph.DefaultTaskExecutionGraph$InvokeNodeExecutorsAction.execute(DefaultTaskExecutionGraph.java:318)
	at org.gradle.execution.taskgraph.DefaultTaskExecutionGraph$BuildOperationAwareExecutionAction.lambda$execute$0(DefaultTaskExecutionGraph.java:314)
	at org.gradle.internal.operations.CurrentBuildOperationRef.with(CurrentBuildOperationRef.java:85)
	at org.gradle.execution.taskgraph.DefaultTaskExecutionGraph$BuildOperationAwareExecutionAction.execute(DefaultTaskExecutionGraph.java:314)
	at org.gradle.execution.taskgraph.DefaultTaskExecutionGraph$BuildOperationAwareExecutionAction.execute(DefaultTaskExecutionGraph.java:303)
	at org.gradle.execution.plan.DefaultPlanExecutor$ExecutorWorker.execute(DefaultPlanExecutor.java:459)
	at org.gradle.execution.plan.DefaultPlanExecutor$ExecutorWorker.run(DefaultPlanExecutor.java:376)
	at org.gradle.internal.concurrent.ExecutorPolicy$CatchAndRecordFailures.onExecute(ExecutorPolicy.java:64)
	at org.gradle.internal.concurrent.AbstractManagedExecutor$1.run(AbstractManagedExecutor.java:48)
Caused by: org.gradle.api.UncheckedIOException: java.io.IOException: Cannot run program "xcrun" (in directory "/home/runner/work/***REDACTED***/***REDACTED***/shared/resources/build/classes/kotlin/iosArm64/main/klib/resources/default/resources/***REDACTED***:resources.bundle/Contents/Resources"): Exec failed, error: 2 (No such file or directory) 
	at org.gradle.internal.UncheckedException.throwAsUncheckedException(UncheckedException.java:63)
	at org.gradle.internal.UncheckedException.throwAsUncheckedException(UncheckedException.java:42)
	at org.gradle.api.internal.tasks.execution.TaskExecution$3.run(TaskExecution.java:275)
	at org.gradle.internal.operations.DefaultBuildOperationRunner$1.execute(DefaultBuildOperationRunner.java:30)
	at org.gradle.internal.operations.DefaultBuildOperationRunner$1.execute(DefaultBuildOperationRunner.java:27)
	at org.gradle.internal.operations.DefaultBuildOperationRunner$2.execute(DefaultBuildOperationRunner.java:67)
	at org.gradle.internal.operations.DefaultBuildOperationRunner$2.execute(DefaultBuildOperationRunner.java:60)
	at org.gradle.internal.operations.DefaultBuildOperationRunner.execute(DefaultBuildOperationRunner.java:167)
	at org.gradle.internal.operations.DefaultBuildOperationRunner.execute(DefaultBuildOperationRunner.java:60)
	at org.gradle.internal.operations.DefaultBuildOperationRunner.run(DefaultBuildOperationRunner.java:48)
	at org.gradle.api.internal.tasks.execution.TaskExecution.executeAction(TaskExecution.java:229)
	at org.gradle.api.internal.tasks.execution.TaskExecution.executeActions(TaskExecution.java:212)
	at org.gradle.api.internal.tasks.execution.TaskExecution.executeWithPreviousOutputFiles(TaskExecution.java:195)
	at org.gradle.api.internal.tasks.execution.TaskExecution.execute(TaskExecution.java:162)
	at org.gradle.internal.execution.steps.ExecuteStep.executeInternal(ExecuteStep.java:105)
	at org.gradle.internal.execution.steps.ExecuteStep.access$000(ExecuteStep.java:44)
	at org.gradle.internal.execution.steps.ExecuteStep$1.call(ExecuteStep.java:59)
	at org.gradle.internal.execution.steps.ExecuteStep$1.call(ExecuteStep.java:56)
	at org.gradle.internal.operations.DefaultBuildOperationRunner$CallableBuildOperationWorker.execute(DefaultBuildOperationRunner.java:210)
	at org.gradle.internal.operations.DefaultBuildOperationRunner$CallableBuildOperationWorker.execute(DefaultBuildOperationRunner.java:205)
	at org.gradle.internal.operations.DefaultBuildOperationRunner$2.execute(DefaultBuildOperationRunner.java:67)
	at org.gradle.internal.operations.DefaultBuildOperationRunner$2.execute(DefaultBuildOperationRunner.java:60)
	at org.gradle.internal.operations.DefaultBuildOperationRunner.execute(DefaultBuildOperationRunner.java:167)
	at org.gradle.internal.operations.DefaultBuildOperationRunner.execute(DefaultBuildOperationRunner.java:60)
	at org.gradle.internal.operations.DefaultBuildOperationRunner.call(DefaultBuildOperationRunner.java:54)
	at org.gradle.internal.execution.steps.ExecuteStep.execute(ExecuteStep.java:56)
	at org.gradle.internal.execution.steps.ExecuteStep.execute(ExecuteStep.java:44)
	at org.gradle.internal.execution.steps.CancelExecutionStep.execute(CancelExecutionStep.java:42)
	at org.gradle.internal.execution.steps.TimeoutStep.executeWithoutTimeout(TimeoutStep.java:75)
	at org.gradle.internal.execution.steps.TimeoutStep.execute(TimeoutStep.java:55)
	at org.gradle.internal.execution.steps.PreCreateOutputParentsStep.execute(PreCreateOutputParentsStep.java:50)
	at org.gradle.internal.execution.steps.PreCreateOutputParentsStep.execute(PreCreateOutputParentsStep.java:28)
	at org.gradle.internal.execution.steps.RemovePreviousOutputsStep.execute(RemovePreviousOutputsStep.java:67)
	at org.gradle.internal.execution.steps.RemovePreviousOutputsStep.execute(RemovePreviousOutputsStep.java:37)
	at org.gradle.internal.execution.steps.BroadcastChangingOutputsStep.execute(BroadcastChangingOutputsStep.java:61)
	at org.gradle.internal.execution.steps.BroadcastChangingOutputsStep.execute(BroadcastChangingOutputsStep.java:26)
	at org.gradle.internal.execution.steps.CaptureOutputsAfterExecutionStep.execute(CaptureOutputsAfterExecutionStep.java:69)
	at org.gradle.internal.execution.steps.CaptureOutputsAfterExecutionStep.execute(CaptureOutputsAfterExecutionStep.java:46)
	at org.gradle.internal.execution.steps.ResolveInputChangesStep.execute(ResolveInputChangesStep.java:40)
	at org.gradle.internal.execution.steps.ResolveInputChangesStep.execute(ResolveInputChangesStep.java:29)
	at org.gradle.internal.execution.steps.BuildCacheStep.executeWithoutCache(BuildCacheStep.java:189)
	at org.gradle.internal.execution.steps.BuildCacheStep.executeAndStoreInCache(BuildCacheStep.java:145)
	at org.gradle.internal.execution.steps.BuildCacheStep.lambda$executeWithCache$4(BuildCacheStep.java:101)
	at org.gradle.internal.execution.steps.BuildCacheStep.lambda$executeWithCache$5(BuildCacheStep.java:101)
	at org.gradle.internal.Try$Success.map(Try.java:175)
	at org.gradle.internal.execution.steps.BuildCacheStep.executeWithCache(BuildCacheStep.java:85)
	at org.gradle.internal.execution.steps.BuildCacheStep.lambda$execute$0(BuildCacheStep.java:74)
	at org.gradle.internal.Either$Left.fold(Either.java:115)
	at org.gradle.internal.execution.caching.CachingState.fold(CachingState.java:62)
	at org.gradle.internal.execution.steps.BuildCacheStep.execute(BuildCacheStep.java:73)
	at org.gradle.internal.execution.steps.BuildCacheStep.execute(BuildCacheStep.java:48)
	at org.gradle.internal.execution.steps.StoreExecutionStateStep.execute(StoreExecutionStateStep.java:46)
	at org.gradle.internal.execution.steps.StoreExecutionStateStep.execute(StoreExecutionStateStep.java:35)
	at org.gradle.internal.execution.steps.SkipUpToDateStep.executeBecause(SkipUpToDateStep.java:75)
	at org.gradle.internal.execution.steps.SkipUpToDateStep.lambda$execute$2(SkipUpToDateStep.java:53)
	at org.gradle.internal.execution.steps.SkipUpToDateStep.execute(SkipUpToDateStep.java:53)
	at org.gradle.internal.execution.steps.SkipUpToDateStep.execute(SkipUpToDateStep.java:35)
	at org.gradle.internal.execution.steps.legacy.MarkSnapshottingInputsFinishedStep.execute(MarkSnapshottingInputsFinishedStep.java:37)
	at org.gradle.internal.execution.steps.legacy.MarkSnapshottingInputsFinishedStep.execute(MarkSnapshottingInputsFinishedStep.java:27)
	at org.gradle.internal.execution.steps.ResolveIncrementalCachingStateStep.executeDelegate(ResolveIncrementalCachingStateStep.java:49)
	at org.gradle.internal.execution.steps.ResolveIncrementalCachingStateStep.executeDelegate(ResolveIncrementalCachingStateStep.java:27)
	at org.gradle.internal.execution.steps.AbstractResolveCachingStateStep.execute(AbstractResolveCachingStateStep.java:71)
	at org.gradle.internal.execution.steps.AbstractResolveCachingStateStep.execute(AbstractResolveCachingStateStep.java:39)
	at org.gradle.internal.execution.steps.ResolveChangesStep.execute(ResolveChangesStep.java:65)
	at org.gradle.internal.execution.steps.ResolveChangesStep.execute(ResolveChangesStep.java:36)
	at org.gradle.internal.execution.steps.ValidateStep.execute(ValidateStep.java:107)
	at org.gradle.internal.execution.steps.ValidateStep.execute(ValidateStep.java:56)
	at org.gradle.internal.execution.steps.AbstractCaptureStateBeforeExecutionStep.execute(AbstractCaptureStateBeforeExecutionStep.java:64)
	at org.gradle.internal.execution.steps.AbstractCaptureStateBeforeExecutionStep.execute(AbstractCaptureStateBeforeExecutionStep.java:43)
	at org.gradle.internal.execution.steps.AbstractSkipEmptyWorkStep.executeWithNonEmptySources(AbstractSkipEmptyWorkStep.java:125)
	at org.gradle.internal.execution.steps.AbstractSkipEmptyWorkStep.execute(AbstractSkipEmptyWorkStep.java:61)
	at org.gradle.internal.execution.steps.AbstractSkipEmptyWorkStep.execute(AbstractSkipEmptyWorkStep.java:36)
	at org.gradle.internal.execution.steps.legacy.MarkSnapshottingInputsStartedStep.execute(MarkSnapshottingInputsStartedStep.java:38)
	at org.gradle.internal.execution.steps.LoadPreviousExecutionStateStep.execute(LoadPreviousExecutionStateStep.java:36)
	at org.gradle.internal.execution.steps.LoadPreviousExecutionStateStep.execute(LoadPreviousExecutionStateStep.java:23)
	at org.gradle.internal.execution.steps.HandleStaleOutputsStep.execute(HandleStaleOutputsStep.java:75)
	at org.gradle.internal.execution.steps.HandleStaleOutputsStep.execute(HandleStaleOutputsStep.java:41)
	at org.gradle.internal.execution.steps.AssignMutableWorkspaceStep.lambda$execute$0(AssignMutableWorkspaceStep.java:35)
	at org.gradle.api.internal.tasks.execution.TaskExecution$4.withWorkspace(TaskExecution.java:289)
	at org.gradle.internal.execution.steps.AssignMutableWorkspaceStep.execute(AssignMutableWorkspaceStep.java:31)
	at org.gradle.internal.execution.steps.AssignMutableWorkspaceStep.execute(AssignMutableWorkspaceStep.java:22)
	at org.gradle.internal.execution.steps.ChoosePipelineStep.execute(ChoosePipelineStep.java:40)
	at org.gradle.internal.execution.steps.ChoosePipelineStep.execute(ChoosePipelineStep.java:23)
	at org.gradle.internal.execution.steps.ExecuteWorkBuildOperationFiringStep.lambda$execute$2(ExecuteWorkBuildOperationFiringStep.java:67)
	at org.gradle.internal.execution.steps.ExecuteWorkBuildOperationFiringStep.execute(ExecuteWorkBuildOperationFiringStep.java:67)
	at org.gradle.internal.execution.steps.ExecuteWorkBuildOperationFiringStep.execute(ExecuteWorkBuildOperationFiringStep.java:39)
	at org.gradle.internal.execution.steps.IdentityCacheStep.execute(IdentityCacheStep.java:46)
	at org.gradle.internal.execution.steps.IdentityCacheStep.execute(IdentityCacheStep.java:34)
	at org.gradle.internal.execution.steps.IdentifyStep.execute(IdentifyStep.java:48)
	at org.gradle.internal.execution.steps.IdentifyStep.execute(IdentifyStep.java:35)
	at org.gradle.internal.execution.impl.DefaultExecutionEngine$1.execute(DefaultExecutionEngine.java:64)
	at org.gradle.api.internal.tasks.execution.ExecuteActionsTaskExecuter.executeIfValid(ExecuteActionsTaskExecuter.java:127)
	at org.gradle.api.internal.tasks.execution.ExecuteActionsTaskExecuter.execute(ExecuteActionsTaskExecuter.java:116)
	at org.gradle.api.internal.tasks.execution.ProblemsTaskPathTrackingTaskExecuter.execute(ProblemsTaskPathTrackingTaskExecuter.java:41)
	at org.gradle.api.internal.tasks.execution.FinalizePropertiesTaskExecuter.execute(FinalizePropertiesTaskExecuter.java:46)
	at org.gradle.api.internal.tasks.execution.ResolveTaskExecutionModeExecuter.execute(ResolveTaskExecutionModeExecuter.java:51)
	at org.gradle.api.internal.tasks.execution.SkipTaskWithNoActionsExecuter.execute(SkipTaskWithNoActionsExecuter.java:57)
	at org.gradle.api.internal.tasks.execution.SkipOnlyIfTaskExecuter.execute(SkipOnlyIfTaskExecuter.java:74)
	at org.gradle.api.internal.tasks.execution.CatchExceptionTaskExecuter.execute(CatchExceptionTaskExecuter.java:36)
	at org.gradle.api.internal.tasks.execution.EventFiringTaskExecuter$1.executeTask(EventFiringTaskExecuter.java:77)
	at org.gradle.api.internal.tasks.execution.EventFiringTaskExecuter$1.call(EventFiringTaskExecuter.java:55)
	at org.gradle.api.internal.tasks.execution.EventFiringTaskExecuter$1.call(EventFiringTaskExecuter.java:52)
	at org.gradle.internal.operations.DefaultBuildOperationRunner$CallableBuildOperationWorker.execute(DefaultBuildOperationRunner.java:210)
	at org.gradle.internal.operations.DefaultBuildOperationRunner$CallableBuildOperationWorker.execute(DefaultBuildOperationRunner.java:205)
	at org.gradle.internal.operations.DefaultBuildOperationRunner$2.execute(DefaultBuildOperationRunner.java:67)
	at org.gradle.internal.operations.DefaultBuildOperationRunner$2.execute(DefaultBuildOperationRunner.java:60)
	at org.gradle.internal.operations.DefaultBuildOperationRunner.execute(DefaultBuildOperationRunner.java:167)
	at org.gradle.internal.operations.DefaultBuildOperationRunner.execute(DefaultBuildOperationRunner.java:60)
	at org.gradle.internal.operations.DefaultBuildOperationRunner.call(DefaultBuildOperationRunner.java:54)
	at org.gradle.api.internal.tasks.execution.EventFiringTaskExecuter.execute(EventFiringTaskExecuter.java:52)
	at org.gradle.execution.plan.LocalTaskNodeExecutor.execute(LocalTaskNodeExecutor.java:42)
	at org.gradle.execution.taskgraph.DefaultTaskExecutionGraph$InvokeNodeExecutorsAction.execute(DefaultTaskExecutionGraph.java:331)
	at org.gradle.execution.taskgraph.DefaultTaskExecutionGraph$InvokeNodeExecutorsAction.execute(DefaultTaskExecutionGraph.java:318)
	at org.gradle.execution.taskgraph.DefaultTaskExecutionGraph$BuildOperationAwareExecutionAction.lambda$execute$0(DefaultTaskExecutionGraph.java:314)
	at org.gradle.internal.operations.CurrentBuildOperationRef.with(CurrentBuildOperationRef.java:85)
	at org.gradle.execution.taskgraph.DefaultTaskExecutionGraph$BuildOperationAwareExecutionAction.execute(DefaultTaskExecutionGraph.java:314)
	at org.gradle.execution.taskgraph.DefaultTaskExecutionGraph$BuildOperationAwareExecutionAction.execute(DefaultTaskExecutionGraph.java:303)
	at org.gradle.execution.plan.DefaultPlanExecutor$ExecutorWorker.execute(DefaultPlanExecutor.java:459)
	at org.gradle.execution.plan.DefaultPlanExecutor$ExecutorWorker.run(DefaultPlanExecutor.java:376)
	at org.gradle.internal.concurrent.ExecutorPolicy$CatchAndRecordFailures.onExecute(ExecutorPolicy.java:64)
	at org.gradle.internal.concurrent.AbstractManagedExecutor$1.run(AbstractManagedExecutor.java:48)
Caused by: java.io.IOException: Cannot run program "xcrun" (in directory "/home/runner/work/***REDACTED***/***REDACTED***/shared/resources/build/classes/kotlin/iosArm64/main/klib/resources/default/resources/***REDACTED***:resources.bundle/Contents/Resources"): Exec failed, error: 2 (No such file or directory) 
	at org.gradle.internal.classpath.Instrumented.exec(Instrumented.java:260)
	at dev.icerock.gradle.actions.apple.PackAppleResourcesToKLibAction.compileAppleAssets(PackAppleResourcesToKLibAction.kt:130)
	at dev.icerock.gradle.actions.apple.PackAppleResourcesToKLibAction.addResourcesToUnpackedKlib(PackAppleResourcesToKLibAction.kt:120)
	at dev.icerock.gradle.actions.apple.PackAppleResourcesToKLibAction.execute(PackAppleResourcesToKLibAction.kt:51)
	at dev.icerock.gradle.actions.apple.PackAppleResourcesToKLibAction.execute(PackAppleResourcesToKLibAction.kt:20)
	at org.gradle.api.internal.AbstractTask$TaskActionWrapper.execute(AbstractTask.java:832)
	at org.gradle.api.internal.AbstractTask$TaskActionWrapper.execute(AbstractTask.java:805)
	at org.gradle.api.internal.tasks.execution.TaskExecution$3.run(TaskExecution.java:244)
	... 118 more
Caused by: java.io.IOException: Exec failed, error: 2 (No such file or directory) 
	... 126 more

[matejsemancik]

Starting with Kotlin 2.2.20, cross-compilation of .klib artifacts is stable and enabled by default, meaning compileKotlinIosArm64 now executes on Linux CI hosts. The xcrun call fails on non-macOS hosts because Xcode command-line tools are not available.

The issue only manifests when the module contains image resources, which trigger Apple asset catalog (.xcassets) generation requiring xcrun.

Background: Kotlin cross-compilation timeline

• Kotlin 2.1.0 — Introduced cross-compilation as Experimental, opt-in via kotlin.native.enableKlibsCrossCompilation=true.
• Kotlin 2.2.20 — Stabilized cross-platform compilation, enabled by default. The opt-in property is no longer needed.

Since 2.2.20, any Kotlin project targeting iOS will run compileKotlinIosArm64 on all hosts, including Linux. Gradle plugins that shell out to macOS-only tools (like xcrun) without a host check will break.

Workaround

Disable cross-compilation in gradle.properties:

kotlin.native.enableKlibsCrossCompilation=false