[Parquet] UB in TypedColumnWriterImpl::UpdateLevelHistogram due to std::span construction from nullptr

[K-ballo]

Describe the bug, including details regarding any error messages, version, and platform.

In Arrow 24.0.0, parquet::TypedColumnWriterImpl::UpdateLevelHistogram can construct a std::span from a null pointer, causing immediate UB and crashes in libstdc++:

arrow/cpp/src/parquet/column_writer.cc

Lines 1810 to 1825 in 9a0afd9

	auto add_levels = [](std::vector<int64_t>& level_histogram,
	std::span<const int16_t> levels, int16_t max_level) {
	if (max_level == 0) {
	return;
	}
	ARROW_DCHECK_EQ(static_cast<size_t>(max_level) + 1, level_histogram.size());
	::parquet::UpdateLevelHistogram(levels, level_histogram);
	};
	add_levels(page_size_statistics_->definition_level_histogram,
	{def_levels, static_cast<size_t>(num_levels)},
	descr_->max_definition_level());
	add_levels(page_size_statistics_->repetition_level_histogram,
	{rep_levels, static_cast<size_t>(num_levels)},
	descr_->max_repetition_level());
	}

Seen with rep_levels == nullptr, num_levels == 3, and max_level == 0.
Note the max_level == 0 guard inside the lambda is too late to protect from UB while constructing the std::span argument.

Component(s)

Parquet