[LeakScope] 34 Android lifecycle/memory violations detected

[MuhammadTehamsibAliTashfeen]

LeakScope: Android Lifecycle & Memory Leak Violations

About this report: This issue was automatically generated by LeakScope, a static analysis tool for Android lifecycle violations and memory leaks built on the Soot framework. This is part of an ongoing academic research study targeting ICSE 2027. No immediate action is required — we would greatly appreciate your feedback on whether these findings are accurate.

Summary

LeakScope detected 34 potential issue(s) across 2 detector type(s):

Severity	Count
🔴 High	2
🟡 Medium	0
🟢 Low (improvement opportunity)	32

Detector	Count	Severity	Description
FragmentViewFieldRetentionLeak	2	🔴 High	Fragment stores View references in instance fields not cleared in onDestroyView()
ViewBindingOpportunity	32	🟢 Low	Manual findViewById() calls — ViewBinding migration opportunity

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Detailed Findings

🔴 FragmentViewFieldRetentionLeak

Fragment stores View references in instance fields not cleared in onDestroyView()

Finding #1 — AdvancedFragment

Fragment View Field Retention Leak Detected
Class: io.github.alexmofer.projectx.business.others.ftp.advanced.AdvancedFragment

Issue:
- Fragment stores View references in instance fields
- These fields are not cleared when the view is destroyed

- onDestroyView() is missing

Leaked Fields:
  • mVPort : android.widget.EditText (assigned in onViewCreated)
  • mVAuto : android.widget.CheckBox (assigned in onViewCreated)
  • mVUri : android.widget.Button (assigned in onViewCreated)

Why this is dangerous:
- Fragment views are destroyed/recreated on config changes
- Retained View references prevent garbage collection
- Leaked Views hold references to Activity Context
- Can cause OutOfMemoryError with repeated Fragment transactions

Recommended Fix:
Override onDestroyView() and clear all View/Binding fields:
  @Override
  public void onDestroyView() {
    super.onDestroyView();
    mVPort = null;
    mVAuto = null;
    mVUri = null;
  }

Finding #2 — LegacyFragment

Fragment View Field Retention Leak Detected
Class: io.github.alexmofer.projectx.business.others.ftp.legacy.LegacyFragment

Issue:
- Fragment stores View references in instance fields
- These fields are not cleared when the view is destroyed

- onDestroyView() is missing

Leaked Fields:
  • mVPort : android.widget.EditText (assigned in onViewCreated)
  • mVAuto : android.widget.CheckBox (assigned in onViewCreated)
  • mVPath : android.widget.Button (assigned in onViewCreated)

Why this is dangerous:
- Fragment views are destroyed/recreated on config changes
- Retained View references prevent garbage collection
- Leaked Views hold references to Activity Context
- Can cause OutOfMemoryError with repeated Fragment transactions

Recommended Fix:
Override onDestroyView() and clear all View/Binding fields:
  @Override
  public void onDestroyView() {
    super.onDestroyView();
    mVPort = null;
    mVAuto = null;
    mVPath = null;
  }

🟢 ViewBindingOpportunity

Manual findViewById() calls — ViewBinding migration opportunity

Finding #3 — TextDrawableActivity

View Binding Migration Opportunity
Class: io.github.alexmofer.projectx.business.drawables.textdrawable.TextDrawableActivity
Type: Activity
Current Pattern: Manual view lookup
findViewById() Calls:
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
Benefits of View Binding:
- Eliminates boilerplate findViewById() calls
- Compile-time type safety for view references
- Reduced null pointer exceptions
- Cleaner, more maintainable code
Note: This is a code modernization suggestion, not a memory leak

Finding #4 — SmoothInputLayoutActivity

View Binding Migration Opportunity
Class: io.github.alexmofer.projectx.business.widgets.smoothinputlayout.SmoothInputLayoutActivity
Type: Activity
Current Pattern: Manual view lookup
findViewById() Calls:
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
Benefits of View Binding:
- Eliminates boilerplate findViewById() calls
- Compile-time type safety for view references
- Reduced null pointer exceptions
- Cleaner, more maintainable code
Note: This is a code modernization suggestion, not a memory leak

Finding #5 — RetrofitActivity

View Binding Migration Opportunity
Class: io.github.alexmofer.projectx.business.others.retrofithelper.RetrofitActivity
Type: Activity
Current Pattern: Manual view lookup
findViewById() Calls:
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
Benefits of View Binding:
- Eliminates boilerplate findViewById() calls
- Compile-time type safety for view references
- Reduced null pointer exceptions
- Cleaner, more maintainable code
Note: This is a code modernization suggestion, not a memory leak

Finding #6 — WrapLayoutActivity

View Binding Migration Opportunity
Class: io.github.alexmofer.projectx.business.widgets.wraplayout.WrapLayoutActivity
Type: Activity
Current Pattern: Manual view lookup
findViewById() Calls:
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
Benefits of View Binding:
- Eliminates boilerplate findViewById() calls
- Compile-time type safety for view references
- Reduced null pointer exceptions
- Cleaner, more maintainable code
Note: This is a code modernization suggestion, not a memory leak

Finding #7 — RecyclePagerActivity

View Binding Migration Opportunity
Class: io.github.alexmofer.projectx.business.widgets.recyclepager.RecyclePagerActivity
Type: Activity
Current Pattern: Manual view lookup
findViewById() Calls:
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
Benefits of View Binding:
- Eliminates boilerplate findViewById() calls
- Compile-time type safety for view references
- Reduced null pointer exceptions
- Cleaner, more maintainable code
Note: This is a code modernization suggestion, not a memory leak

Finding #8 — MultifunctionalRecyclerViewActivity

View Binding Migration Opportunity
Class: io.github.alexmofer.projectx.business.widgets.multifunctionalrecyclerview.MultifunctionalRecyclerViewActivity
Type: Activity
Current Pattern: Manual view lookup
findViewById() Calls:
  • findViewById in onCreate
Benefits of View Binding:
- Eliminates boilerplate findViewById() calls
- Compile-time type safety for view references
- Reduced null pointer exceptions
- Cleaner, more maintainable code
Note: This is a code modernization suggestion, not a memory leak

Finding #9 — HeaderFooterGridViewActivity

View Binding Migration Opportunity
Class: io.github.alexmofer.projectx.business.widgets.headerfootergridview.HeaderFooterGridViewActivity
Type: Activity
Current Pattern: Manual view lookup
findViewById() Calls:
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
Benefits of View Binding:
- Eliminates boilerplate findViewById() calls
- Compile-time type safety for view references
- Reduced null pointer exceptions
- Cleaner, more maintainable code
Note: This is a code modernization suggestion, not a memory leak

Finding #10 — GridDrawableActivity

View Binding Migration Opportunity
Class: io.github.alexmofer.projectx.business.drawables.griddrawable.GridDrawableActivity
Type: Activity
Current Pattern: Manual view lookup
findViewById() Calls:
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
Benefits of View Binding:
- Eliminates boilerplate findViewById() calls
- Compile-time type safety for view references
- Reduced null pointer exceptions
- Cleaner, more maintainable code
Note: This is a code modernization suggestion, not a memory leak

Finding #11 — OpenTypeActivity

View Binding Migration Opportunity
Class: io.github.alexmofer.projectx.business.others.opentype.OpenTypeActivity
Type: Activity
Current Pattern: Manual view lookup
findViewById() Calls:
  • findViewById in onCreate
Benefits of View Binding:
- Eliminates boilerplate findViewById() calls
- Compile-time type safety for view references
- Reduced null pointer exceptions
- Cleaner, more maintainable code
Note: This is a code modernization suggestion, not a memory leak

Finding #12 — FtpActivity

View Binding Migration Opportunity
Class: io.github.alexmofer.projectx.business.others.ftp.FtpActivity
Type: Activity
Current Pattern: Manual view lookup
findViewById() Calls:
  • findViewById in onCreate
Benefits of View Binding:
- Eliminates boilerplate findViewById() calls
- Compile-time type safety for view references
- Reduced null pointer exceptions
- Cleaner, more maintainable code
Note: This is a code modernization suggestion, not a memory leak

Finding #13 — IndicatorTabStripActivity

View Binding Migration Opportunity
Class: io.github.alexmofer.projectx.business.widgets.indicatortabstrip.IndicatorTabStripActivity
Type: Activity
Current Pattern: Manual view lookup
findViewById() Calls:
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
Benefits of View Binding:
- Eliminates boilerplate findViewById() calls
- Compile-time type safety for view references
- Reduced null pointer exceptions
- Cleaner, more maintainable code
Note: This is a code modernization suggestion, not a memory leak

Finding #14 — FontActivity

View Binding Migration Opportunity
Class: io.github.alexmofer.projectx.business.others.font.FontActivity
Type: Activity
Current Pattern: Manual view lookup
findViewById() Calls:
  • findViewById in onCreate
Benefits of View Binding:
- Eliminates boilerplate findViewById() calls
- Compile-time type safety for view references
- Reduced null pointer exceptions
- Cleaner, more maintainable code
Note: This is a code modernization suggestion, not a memory leak

Finding #15 — MultifunctionalImageViewActivity

View Binding Migration Opportunity
Class: io.github.alexmofer.projectx.business.widgets.multifunctionalimageview.MultifunctionalImageViewActivity
Type: Activity
Current Pattern: Manual view lookup
findViewById() Calls:
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
Benefits of View Binding:
- Eliminates boilerplate findViewById() calls
- Compile-time type safety for view references
- Reduced null pointer exceptions
- Cleaner, more maintainable code
Note: This is a code modernization suggestion, not a memory leak

Finding #16 — LoadingDrawableActivity

View Binding Migration Opportunity
Class: io.github.alexmofer.projectx.business.drawables.loadingdrawable.LoadingDrawableActivity
Type: Activity
Current Pattern: Manual view lookup
findViewById() Calls:
  • findViewById in setCirclingDrawable
  • findViewById in setDoubleCircleDrawable
  • findViewById in setMaterialProgressDrawable
Benefits of View Binding:
- Eliminates boilerplate findViewById() calls
- Compile-time type safety for view references
- Reduced null pointer exceptions
- Cleaner, more maintainable code
Note: This is a code modernization suggestion, not a memory leak

Finding #17 — CryptoActivity

View Binding Migration Opportunity
Class: io.github.alexmofer.projectx.business.others.crypto.CryptoActivity
Type: Activity
Current Pattern: Manual view lookup
findViewById() Calls:
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
Benefits of View Binding:
- Eliminates boilerplate findViewById() calls
- Compile-time type safety for view references
- Reduced null pointer exceptions
- Cleaner, more maintainable code
Note: This is a code modernization suggestion, not a memory leak

Finding #18 — FloatingActionModeActivity

View Binding Migration Opportunity
Class: io.github.alexmofer.projectx.business.others.floatingactionmode.FloatingActionModeActivity
Type: Activity
Current Pattern: Manual view lookup
findViewById() Calls:
  • findViewById in onCreate
Benefits of View Binding:
- Eliminates boilerplate findViewById() calls
- Compile-time type safety for view references
- Reduced null pointer exceptions
- Cleaner, more maintainable code
Note: This is a code modernization suggestion, not a memory leak

Finding #19 — MainActivity

View Binding Migration Opportunity
Class: io.github.alexmofer.projectx.business.main.MainActivity
Type: Activity
Current Pattern: Manual view lookup
findViewById() Calls:
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
Benefits of View Binding:
- Eliminates boilerplate findViewById() calls
- Compile-time type safety for view references
- Reduced null pointer exceptions
- Cleaner, more maintainable code
Note: This is a code modernization suggestion, not a memory leak

Finding #20 — DrawableRatingBarActivity

View Binding Migration Opportunity
Class: io.github.alexmofer.projectx.business.widgets.drawableratingbar.DrawableRatingBarActivity
Type: Activity
Current Pattern: Manual view lookup
findViewById() Calls:
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
Benefits of View Binding:
- Eliminates boilerplate findViewById() calls
- Compile-time type safety for view references
- Reduced null pointer exceptions
- Cleaner, more maintainable code
Note: This is a code modernization suggestion, not a memory leak

Finding #21 — LegacyPathSelectActivity

View Binding Migration Opportunity
Class: io.github.alexmofer.projectx.business.others.ftp.legacy.LegacyPathSelectActivity
Type: Activity
Current Pattern: Manual view lookup
findViewById() Calls:
  • findViewById in create
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
Benefits of View Binding:
- Eliminates boilerplate findViewById() calls
- Compile-time type safety for view references
- Reduced null pointer exceptions
- Cleaner, more maintainable code
Note: This is a code modernization suggestion, not a memory leak

Finding #22 — BrowserActivity

View Binding Migration Opportunity
Class: io.github.alexmofer.projectx.business.browser.BrowserActivity
Type: Activity
Current Pattern: Manual view lookup
findViewById() Calls:
  • findViewById in onCreate
Benefits of View Binding:
- Eliminates boilerplate findViewById() calls
- Compile-time type safety for view references
- Reduced null pointer exceptions
- Cleaner, more maintainable code
Note: This is a code modernization suggestion, not a memory leak

Finding #23 — GradientTabStripActivity

View Binding Migration Opportunity
Class: io.github.alexmofer.projectx.business.widgets.gradienttabstrip.GradientTabStripActivity
Type: Activity
Current Pattern: Manual view lookup
findViewById() Calls:
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
Benefits of View Binding:
- Eliminates boilerplate findViewById() calls
- Compile-time type safety for view references
- Reduced null pointer exceptions
- Cleaner, more maintainable code
Note: This is a code modernization suggestion, not a memory leak

Finding #24 — ZxingScanViewActivity

View Binding Migration Opportunity
Class: io.github.alexmofer.projectx.business.widgets.zxingscanview.ZxingScanViewActivity
Type: Activity
Current Pattern: Manual view lookup
findViewById() Calls:
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
Benefits of View Binding:
- Eliminates boilerplate findViewById() calls
- Compile-time type safety for view references
- Reduced null pointer exceptions
- Cleaner, more maintainable code
Note: This is a code modernization suggestion, not a memory leak

Finding #25 — MultiActionTextViewActivity

View Binding Migration Opportunity
Class: io.github.alexmofer.projectx.business.widgets.multiactiontextview.MultiActionTextViewActivity
Type: Activity
Current Pattern: Manual view lookup
findViewById() Calls:
  • findViewById in onCreate
Benefits of View Binding:
- Eliminates boilerplate findViewById() calls
- Compile-time type safety for view references
- Reduced null pointer exceptions
- Cleaner, more maintainable code
Note: This is a code modernization suggestion, not a memory leak

Finding #26 — OpenTypeListActivity

View Binding Migration Opportunity
Class: io.github.alexmofer.projectx.business.others.opentypelist.OpenTypeListActivity
Type: Activity
Current Pattern: Manual view lookup
findViewById() Calls:
  • findViewById in onCreate
Benefits of View Binding:
- Eliminates boilerplate findViewById() calls
- Compile-time type safety for view references
- Reduced null pointer exceptions
- Cleaner, more maintainable code
Note: This is a code modernization suggestion, not a memory leak

Finding #27 — AboutActivity

View Binding Migration Opportunity
Class: io.github.alexmofer.projectx.business.about.AboutActivity
Type: Activity
Current Pattern: Manual view lookup
findViewById() Calls:
  • findViewById in onCreate
Benefits of View Binding:
- Eliminates boilerplate findViewById() calls
- Compile-time type safety for view references
- Reduced null pointer exceptions
- Cleaner, more maintainable code
Note: This is a code modernization suggestion, not a memory leak

Finding #28 — CircleProgressBarActivity

View Binding Migration Opportunity
Class: io.github.alexmofer.projectx.business.widgets.circleprogressbar.CircleProgressBarActivity
Type: Activity
Current Pattern: Manual view lookup
findViewById() Calls:
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById i
… (truncated for brevity)

Finding #29 — StateLayoutActivity

View Binding Migration Opportunity
Class: io.github.alexmofer.projectx.business.widgets.statelayout.StateLayoutActivity
Type: Activity
Current Pattern: Manual view lookup
findViewById() Calls:
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
Benefits of View Binding:
- Eliminates boilerplate findViewById() calls
- Compile-time type safety for view references
- Reduced null pointer exceptions
- Cleaner, more maintainable code
Note: This is a code modernization suggestion, not a memory leak

Finding #30 — ClipboardActivity

View Binding Migration Opportunity
Class: io.github.alexmofer.projectx.business.others.clipboard.ClipboardActivity
Type: Activity
Current Pattern: Manual view lookup
findViewById() Calls:
  • findViewById in pasteData
  • findViewById in pasteFile
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
Benefits of View Binding:
- Eliminates boilerplate findViewById() calls
- Compile-time type safety for view references
- Reduced null pointer exceptions
- Cleaner, more maintainable code
Note: This is a code modernization suggestion, not a memory leak

Finding #31 — PrinterActivity

View Binding Migration Opportunity
Class: io.github.alexmofer.projectx.business.others.printer.PrinterActivity
Type: Activity
Current Pattern: Manual view lookup
findViewById() Calls:
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
Benefits of View Binding:
- Eliminates boilerplate findViewById() calls
- Compile-time type safety for view references
- Reduced null pointer exceptions
- Cleaner, more maintainable code
Note: This is a code modernization suggestion, not a memory leak

Finding #32 — LineDrawableActivity

View Binding Migration Opportunity
Class: io.github.alexmofer.projectx.business.drawables.linedrawable.LineDrawableActivity
Type: Activity
Current Pattern: Manual view lookup
findViewById() Calls:
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
Benefits of View Binding:
- Eliminates boilerplate findViewById() calls
- Compile-time type safety for view references
- Reduced null pointer exceptions
- Cleaner, more maintainable code
Note: This is a code modernization suggestion, not a memory leak

Finding #33 — TagTabStripActivity

View Binding Migration Opportunity
Class: io.github.alexmofer.projectx.business.widgets.tagtabstrip.TagTabStripActivity
Type: Activity
Current Pattern: Manual view lookup
findViewById() Calls:
  • findViewById in onCreate
Benefits of View Binding:
- Eliminates boilerplate findViewById() calls
- Compile-time type safety for view references
- Reduced null pointer exceptions
- Cleaner, more maintainable code
Note: This is a code modernization suggestion, not a memory leak

Finding #34 — CornerDrawableActivity

View Binding Migration Opportunity
Class: io.github.alexmofer.projectx.business.drawables.cornerdrawable.CornerDrawableActivity
Type: Activity
Current Pattern: Manual view lookup
findViewById() Calls:
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
  • findViewById in onCreate
Benefits of View Binding:
- Eliminates boilerplate findViewById() calls
- Compile-time type safety for view references
- Reduced null pointer exceptions
- Cleaner, more maintainable code
Note: This is a code modernization suggestion, not a memory leak

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How to respond to this issue:

• If a finding is a true positive: consider applying the recommended fix and closing this issue.
• If a finding is a false positive: please leave a comment explaining why — your feedback directly improves our research.
• If you have questions: reply here or open a discussion.

This report was generated by LeakScope as part of the ICSE 2027 research artifact. Tool analyzes compiled APKs using Soot static analysis on ProjectX.