diff --git a/core/src/main/kotlin/com/ams/fat12ex/core/Fat12Result.kt b/core/src/main/kotlin/com/ams/fat12ex/core/Fat12Result.kt
index c70d2da..b8e1447 100644
--- a/core/src/main/kotlin/com/ams/fat12ex/core/Fat12Result.kt
+++ b/core/src/main/kotlin/com/ams/fat12ex/core/Fat12Result.kt
@@ -12,8 +12,32 @@ package com.ams.fat12ex.core
 sealed class Fat12Result<out T> {
     data class Ok<T>(val value: T) : Fat12Result<T>()
     data class NameConflict(val name: String) : Fat12Result<Nothing>()
-    object DiskFull : Fat12Result<Nothing>()
+    object DiskFull : Fat12Result<Nothing>() {
+        // Stable, human-readable rendering (an `object` otherwise inherits the
+        // Foo@hash default) so getOrThrow()'s message reads "...not Ok: DiskFull".
+        override fun toString(): String = "DiskFull"
+    }
     data class TooLarge(val actualBytes: Long) : Fat12Result<Nothing>()
     data class NotFound(val path: String) : Fat12Result<Nothing>()
     data class InvalidName(val name: String, val reason: String) : Fat12Result<Nothing>()
 }
+
+/** True when this result is [Fat12Result.Ok]. */
+val Fat12Result<*>.isOk: Boolean get() = this is Fat12Result.Ok
+
+/** True when this result is any non-[Fat12Result.Ok] outcome. */
+val Fat12Result<*>.isError: Boolean get() = this !is Fat12Result.Ok
+
+/** The success value, or `null` for any non-[Fat12Result.Ok] outcome. */
+fun <T> Fat12Result<T>.getOrNull(): T? = (this as? Fat12Result.Ok)?.value
+
+/**
+ * The success value, or throw [IllegalStateException] describing the non-[Fat12Result.Ok]
+ * outcome. Use only when a non-Ok result is a programming error at the call site; prefer
+ * [getOrNull] or an exhaustive `when` for recoverable handling.
+ */
+fun <T> Fat12Result<T>.getOrThrow(): T =
+    when (this) {
+        is Fat12Result.Ok -> value
+        else -> error("Fat12Result was not Ok: $this")
+    }
diff --git a/core/src/test/kotlin/com/ams/fat12ex/core/Fat12ResultAccessorsTest.kt b/core/src/test/kotlin/com/ams/fat12ex/core/Fat12ResultAccessorsTest.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..acfd971
--- /dev/null
+++ b/core/src/test/kotlin/com/ams/fat12ex/core/Fat12ResultAccessorsTest.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+package com.ams.fat12ex.core
+
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertFalse
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertNull
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertTrue
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.assertThrows
+
+/**
+ * [Fat12Result] convenience-accessor tests — [isOk] / [isError] / [getOrNull] /
+ * [getOrThrow].
+ *
+ * Proves the accessors branch on success without an exhaustive `when` or an
+ * `is Fat12Result.Ok` cast, for both the [Fat12Result.Ok] case and a couple of
+ * representative non-Ok variants ([Fat12Result.NotFound], [Fat12Result.DiskFull]).
+ */
+class Fat12ResultAccessorsTest {
+
+    @Test
+    fun ok_isOk_getOrNull_getOrThrow() {
+        val result: Fat12Result<String> = Fat12Result.Ok("payload")
+        assertTrue(result.isOk)
+        assertFalse(result.isError)
+        assertEquals("payload", result.getOrNull())
+        assertEquals("payload", result.getOrThrow())
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun notFound_isNotOk_getOrNull_null_getOrThrow_throws() {
+        val result: Fat12Result<String> = Fat12Result.NotFound("/MISSING.TXT")
+        assertFalse(result.isOk)
+        assertTrue(result.isError)
+        assertNull(result.getOrNull())
+        val ex = assertThrows<IllegalStateException> { result.getOrThrow() }
+        assertTrue(
+            ex.message?.contains("NotFound(path=/MISSING.TXT)") == true,
+            "message must describe the non-Ok outcome, was: ${ex.message}",
+        )
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun diskFull_isNotOk_getOrNull_null_getOrThrow_throws() {
+        val result: Fat12Result<Unit> = Fat12Result.DiskFull
+        assertFalse(result.isOk)
+        assertTrue(result.isError)
+        assertNull(result.getOrNull())
+        val ex = assertThrows<IllegalStateException> { result.getOrThrow() }
+        // DiskFull is a singleton object; its message must be the stable "DiskFull",
+        // not the inherited Foo@hash default.
+        assertTrue(
+            ex.message?.contains("DiskFull") == true && ex.message?.contains("@") != true,
+            "message must read 'DiskFull', was: ${ex.message}",
+        )
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun ok_withNullableValue_getOrNull_distinguishesNullValueFromError() {
+        // An Ok wrapping a null value still reports isOk; getOrNull returns null here
+        // too, but getOrThrow returns the (null) value rather than throwing.
+        val result: Fat12Result<String?> = Fat12Result.Ok(null)
+        assertTrue(result.isOk)
+        assertNull(result.getOrNull())
+        assertNull(result.getOrThrow())
+    }
+}